고등영어 자료는 더메이킹스(TheMakings)

EBS 2022 수능특강 라이트(Light)

영어 독해연습 Mini Test 2 - Part 2

The Makings의 EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해연습 변형문제 (2022년 개정) 변형 문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글에 알맞지 않은 문장 고르기(객관식)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열하기(서술형)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한

EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해연습 (2022년 개정) 변형문제 Mini Test 2 - Part 2 지문입니다.

1번 지문

Many animal or plant species have proved to be very useful for medical purposes. Through millions of years of evolution, they have evolved many special chemicals to meet their special needs in their respective niches, which can be exploited by man. The saliva of the vampire bat of Central and South America contains a substance to prevent heart attacks. The Malayan pit viper contains a substance called ristrin, which has similar properties. Caribbean sponges can be used to tackle rejection of organ transplants. Rauvolfia serpentina, the serpent wood plant, has been traditionally used in India to treat snake bite, nervous disorders, cholera and fever. Reserpine, an extract from the plant, has become the principal source of materials for tranquilizers. Domesticated animals have given us hormones and enzymes, while fungi and microbes provide life-saving drugs such as antibiotics.

2번 지문

The development of food habits clearly indicates that for humans, food is more than just nutrients. Bread is an excellent example. White bread was traditionally eaten by the upper classes, dark bread by the poor, but whole wheat bread is consumed today by people concerned more with health than status. A person with money has "a lot of bread." In many cultures, bread is shared by couples as part of the wedding ceremony or left for the soul of the dead. Superstitions about bread also demonstrate its importance beyond sustenance. Greek soldiers took a piece from home to ensure their safe, victorious return; English midwives placed a loaf at the foot of the mother's bed to prevent the woman and her baby from being stolen by evil spirits; and sailors traditionally brought a bun to sea to prevent shipwreck. It is the symbolic use of food that is valued most by people, not its nutritional composition.

3번 지문

In a classic piece of psychology research, a primary school teacher and a professor teamed up to study how far expectations drive outcomes. To do so, they administered IQ tests to California pupils in grades one through six. Teachers were told that certain pupils - around 20 percent - showed great promise and could be expected to make exceptional progress. At the end of the year, that forecast proved true: the IQ of the nominated pupils showed superior improvement. But, like all great social psychology experiments, this one had a catch. The "high-potential students" had been chosen at random. What came to be known as the Pygmalion effect argued that it is expectations, more than innate ability, that influence outcomes. Never mind who's gifted, who's talented. Expect great things and you are more likely to get them. The talent, energy, insight, and opportunity of any organization lie with its people. They are where all ideas come from; they are its best early-warning system.

4번 지문

Because ways of thinking and communicating in any society are learned when we are very young, they seem natural and normal, like our use of the bathroom. As adults care for, speak to, and play with their babies, they are at the same time gradually turning a biological being into a social being, who will learn as it grows to share the language he or she absorbs, spoken and unspoken. Babies pick up signals through all their senses, and the emphasis on communicating through different senses is another variable feature from one social group to another. Sounds, for example, which babies may at first seem to use indiscriminately, gradually take on a meaning shared with the surrounding adults, and they soon learn when and where it is appropriate and useful to apply those sounds to maximum effect. They also learn when some other form of communication, such as smiling, laughing, or crying, might transmit better what they have in their highly absorbent minds.

5번 지문

Physiological responses that prepare the body for food occur in response to cues normally related to eating. These cues are such things as the sight or smell of food, other people eating, and the clattering of dishes. This means that hunger also is a response to environmental cues that indicate food is on the way, rather than simply being a response to specific changes occurring within the body. Another control over eating is the incentive value of food. The early phases of eating depend on the taste of food, but as you continue eating the same food, its positive incentive value declines. The first taste of barbecued ribs may be wonderful, but they lose their appeal with each bite. Because of this, you tend to eat more when there is a variety of food available rather than just one type of food. Food variety matters in how much you eat.

6번 지문

Every human contact we experience is unique. It has never happened before and will never again happen in just the same way. Our interpretation of the adage "You can never step into the same river twice" is that the experience changes both you and the river forever. A communication encounter similarly affects and changes people so that one encounter can never occur exactly in the same way a second time. In addition to being unrepeatable, communication is also irreversible. We cannot take back something we have said or tweeted any more than we can erase the effects of something we have done. Just as toothpaste cannot be squeezed back into a tube, the e-mails, texts, and tweets we send are going to be out there forever. Because of this, knowing how to communicate carefully in a wide variety of contexts and with a variety of people becomes very important.

7번 지문

When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, the warmer object cools down, and the colder object warms up. Heat flows from hot bodies to cold ones and continues to flow until the objects reach the same temperature, which will be somewhere between the two initial temperatures. This is thermal equilibrium. For example, a marble at 65'F (18.3'C) and a small steel ball at 75'F (23.9'C) placed together might both end up at a temperature of 68'F (20'C), which is the thermal equilibrium temperature. The heat transfers in this case by conduction - the contact allows the atomic and molecular motion of one solid object to influence the other. A further change may take place, as the marble and steel gradually adopt the temperature of the surroundings (for instance, the room that holds the objects). After that, there is no change, unless the room temperature changes.

8번 지문

Traditional forms of media, such as television, radio, and print, provide an excellent means of reaching vast amounts of people quickly, but their downside is that these touches are both brief and scarce. This works if the objective is to create awareness, but it falls short of creating loyalty for an organization or a cause. Loyalty, unlike awareness, takes time to develop. It finds its roots in the trust, familiarity and respect that stem from frequent interactions with an organization, and the repetitive validation of a value alignment without which these interactions are meaningless. Through the use of social media, organizations can breed loyalty in their members by interacting regularly with them, befriending them, and empowering them to make a difference. The magic stems from the fact that social media can help humanize communications to such a degree that genuine friendships can begin to form between an organization's staff and the members they interact with online, even if they have never met in the real world. The depth of these interactions, combined with their potential frequency, can accelerate this process to such an extent that a new member can begin to feel loyal to an organization in a matter of days rather than in a matter of months.

9번 지문

Have you ever wondered why companies offer a free sample of products, test drives, or trial subscriptions for 1 month, or 14-day free trial? Many brands use money-back guarantee and free day trial strategy to pull the customer into the product. They know that these strategies make consumers overvalue and pay more for what they're selling. When they put the expiry date on the availability of freebies, it also triggers loss aversion and creates a sense of urgency for added potency. In the same way, lots of audiobook and podcast apps offer free trial. Once we get to hang on to it, we feel the desire to purchase the subscription. Many e-commerce companies also use this strategy to let customers order multiple dresses or any products with a promise that they can return the items that they don't like for free of cost.

10 번 지문

Many people who understand human social evolution as a story of continual progress fail to appreciate the role that environmental degradation has played. Commonly, people believe that the change from food foraging to agriculture happened because people traded an insecure way of life for one that was more secure and satisfying. Little evidence exists to support this view. Rather, climate changes that "shrank" livable environments, human population growth, the exhaustion of edible plant and large animal populations, and the discoveries and innovations that made dependence on agriculture possible all combined to cause this transformation. Furthermore, fossil records and archaeological evidence confirm that hunter-gatherers did not abandon their lifestyle until forced to do so by the problems, and did so at different times and in widely scattered areas around the world. A similar combination of environmental problems, scarcities, and technological possibilities caused the decline of ancient empires (like the Mayans, Mesopotamians, and Romans) and stimulated the emergence of industrial societies. The growth of innovations and technologies produced more complex human systems having ever-larger productive capacities to support human populations. Elites may have benefited from an enhanced ability to extend their control and powers of taxation across larger systems. Non-elites, however, often did not change their lifestyles from positive attractions but rather to survive when they had no other choices. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, established farmers often did not willingly move to cities seeking urban employment, but the story of rural to urban migration is also one of progressive rural poverty, bankruptcy, and foreclosed farm mortgages.

11번 지문

A group of frogs were hopping contentedly through the woods, going about their froggy business, when two of them fell into a deep pit. All of the other frogs gathered around the pit to see what could be done to help their companions. When they saw how deep the pit was, the rest of the dismayed group agreed that it was hopeless and told the two frogs in the pit that they should prepare themselves for their fate, because they were as good as dead. Unwilling to accept this terrible fate, the two frogs began to jump with all of their might. Some of the frogs shouted into the pit that it was hopeless, and that the two frogs wouldn't be in that situation if they had been more careful, more obedient to the froggy rules, and more responsible. The other frogs continued sorrowfully shouting that they should save their energy and give up, since they were already as good as dead. The two frogs continued jumping as hard as they could, and after several hours of desperate effort they were quite weary. Finally, one of the frogs paid attention to the calls of his fellows. Spent and disheartened, he quietly resolved himself to his fate, lay down at the bottom of the pit, and died as the others looked on in helpless grief. The other frog continued to jump with every ounce of energy he had, although his body was wracked with pain. His companions began anew yelling for him to accept his fate, stop the pain and just die. The weary frog jumped harder and harder and - wonder of wonders! Finally leapt so high that he sprang from the pit. Amazed, the other frogs celebrated his miraculous freedom and then gathering around him asked, "Why did you continue jumping when we told you it was impossible?" Reading their lips, the astonished frog explained to them that he was deaf, and that when he saw their gestures and shouting, he thought they were cheering him on. What he had perceived as encouragement inspired him to try hard and to succeed against all odds.

2023년 고2 9월 전국 연합 모의고사

변형 문제 Part 2

The Makings의 2023년 고2 9월 전국 연합 모의고사 변형 문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 

2023년 고2 9월 전국 연합 모의고사 변형 문제 Part 2의 지문입니다.

1번 지문(문항 번호 22번)

It's remarkable that positive fantasies help us relax to such an extent that it shows up in physiological tests. If you want to unwind, you can take some deep breaths, get a massage, or go for a walk ― but you can also try simply closing your eyes and fantasizing about some future outcome that you might enjoy. But what about when your objective is to make your wish a reality? The last thing you want to be is relaxed. You want to be energized enough to get off the couch and lose those pounds or find that job or study for that test, and you want to be motivated enough to stay engaged even when the inevitable obstacles or challenges arise. The principle of "Dream it. Wish it. Do it." does not hold true, and now we know why: in dreaming it, you undercut the energy you need to do it. You put yourself in a temporary state of complete happiness, calmness ― and inactivity.

2번 지문(문항 번호 23번)

If cooking is as central to human identity, biology, and culture as the biological anthropologist Richard Wrangham suggests, it stands to reason that the decline of cooking in our time would have serious consequences for modern life, and so it has. Are they all bad? Not at all. The outsourcing of much of the work of cooking to corporations has relieved women of what has traditionally been their exclusive responsibility for feeding the family, making it easier for them to work outside the home and have careers. It has headed off many of the domestic conflicts that such a large shift in gender roles and family dynamics was bound to spark. It has relieved other pressures in the household, including longer workdays and overscheduled children, and saved us time that we can now invest in other pursuits. It has also allowed us to diversify our diets substantially, making it possible even for people with no cooking skills and little money to enjoy a whole different cuisine. All that's required is a microwave.

3번 지문(문항 번호 24번)

As you may already know, what and how you buy can be political. To whom do you want to give your money? Which companies and corporations do you value and respect? Be mindful about every purchase by carefully researching the corporations that are taking our money to decide if they deserve our support. Do they have a record of polluting the environment, or do they have fair-trade practices and an end-of-life plan for the products they make? Are they committed to bringing about good in the world? For instance, my family has found a company producing recycled, plastic-packaging-free toilet paper with a social conscience. They contribute 50 percent of their profits to the construction of toilets around the world, and we're genuinely happy to spend our money on this special toilet paper each month. Remember that the corporate world is built on consumers, so as a consumer you have the power to vote with your wallet and encourage companies to embrace healthier and more sustainable practices with every purchase you choose to make.

4번 지문(문항 번호 26번)

Camille Flammarion was born at Montigny-le-Roi, France. He became interested in astronomy at an early age, and when he was only sixteen he wrote a book on the origin of the world. The manuscript was not published at the time, but it came to the attention of Urbain Le Verrier, the director of the Paris Observatory. He became an assistant to Le Verrier in 1858 and worked as a calculator. At nineteen, he wrote another book called The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds, in which he passionately claimed that life exists outside the planet Earth. His most successful work, Popular Astronomy, was published in 1880, and eventually sold 130,000 copies. With his own funds, he built an observatory at Juvisy and spent May to November of each year there. In 1887, he founded the French Astronomical Society and served as editor of its monthly publication.

EBS 2022 수능특강 라이트(Light)

영어 독해 변형 문제 Lesson 4

일반 워크북 형태의 문제에서 벗어나

The Makings가 만든 EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해 (2022년 개정) 변형 문제는

출판사에서 오랫동안 영어 번역과 교정을 하셨던 원어민 선생님과

현직에서 강사를 하고 있는 연구진들이 학생들을 위한

최상의 EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해 (2022년 개정) 변형 문제를 선보입니다.

사고력과 이해력을 요구하는 문제들로 내신 대비 뿐만이 아니라

수능도 한꺼번에 공부하실 수 있는 자료입니다.

중간고사&기말고사 전에 더메이킹스(The Makings)에서 제작한

EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해 (2022년 개정) Lesson 4 변형 문제로 마무리 하세요. 

정답 확인하러가기!

https://themakings.co.kr/102/?idx=895

The Makings의  EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해 (2022년 개정) 변형 문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열하기(서술형)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해 (2022년 개정) 변형 Lesson 4 지문입니다.

1번 지문

The twenty-first century is the age of information and knowledge. It is a century that is characterized by knowledge as the important resource that gains competitive advantage for companies. To acquire all these knowledge and information, organizations must rely on the data that they store. Data, the basic element, is gathered daily from different input sources. Information is extracted or learned from these sources of data, and this captured information is then transformed into knowledge that is eventually used to trigger actions or decisions. By and large, organizations do not have any problem of not having enough data because most organizations are rich with data. The problem however is that many organizations are poor in information and knowledge. This fact translates into one of the biggest challenges faced by organizations: how to transform raw data into information and eventually into knowledge, which if exploited correctly provides the capabilities to predict customers' behaviour and business trends.

2번 지문

What we used to call multinational firms are increasingly becoming global firms. Among firms, what passes for national identification depends upon history and where their corporate headquarters happen to be located. But the latter is increasingly becoming a matter determined more by local taxation than by economic functionality. The recent fuss about U.S. firms moving their legal headquarters to Bermuda to get lower taxes is but one example. National identification means little when it comes to predicting a firm's behavior. Place of origin or the nationality of the passports held by the top managers makes less and less difference when it comes to making real decisions. Ownership is often not what it seems to be. Nokia is seen as a Finnish company, but more of Nokia's shares are owned by Americans than by Finns.

3번 지문

There is some discomfort in most of us that makes us reluctant to take credit for our accomplishments or to even accept a well-deserved compliment. Try an experiment. Give someone you know a genuine compliment about a quality they have or about something they have done that you truly appreciate. Often their first response is to downplay their contribution or their effort: "Oh, I was just doing my job." "Anyone would have done the same thing." "It was nothing." What is it that makes us uneasy about accepting credit for something wonderful we have done? We feel proud of our accomplishments and our skills, but we don't know how to take credit for them gracefully, without seeming like a braggart or a know-it-all.

4번 지문

Gordon Parker, chairman, president, and CEO of Newmont Mining Corporation, has a very deliberate speech pattern. When I asked him about it, he explained, "People listen more carefully if they think you are thinking when you speak." I tend to agree with him. Even though people can hear two to three times faster than we can talk, most of us could stand to slow down when we speak. Hurrying makes our words seem less important and gives the impression that we do not think our ideas deserve more than the briefest amount of airtime. We appear to be rushing to finish so that someone with something more valuable to say can speak. Slow down. Allow for some pauses, some silence. People will listen more closely and have more respect for what they hear.

5번 지문

The nature of the creative professions is such that the professional activities of writers and artists constantly subject them to the danger of persecution for what they have expressed in the form of a work of art. The expression of the thoughts and ideas of the creator is central to the practice of these professions - the mind of the author provides the raw material for all literary and artistic work. At the same time, this expression is consistently subject to evaluation according to criteria of social acceptability. When these criteria become extremely restrictive, as in Soviet Russia, it becomes practically impossible for an author to create in freedom. For these reasons, it is especially important that censorship against creative expression be restrained by law and custom. Censorship should not become so powerful as to inhibit or prevent the exercise of the creative professions, or so invasive that the contribution of writers and artists to society remains unrealized.

6번 지문

Now I am not in any way suggesting that you, dear mom, need to follow my lead and become slightly addicted to photography or preserving your memories in scrapbooks. However, I am strongly suggesting that you take a lot of pictures of your children to document their lives and save those memories. They are changing every day. Of course you are so busy trying to keep life together that you probably have not had time to notice! But trust me on this; you will treasure these pictures for a lifetime. Even if you cannot take the time to organize your photos, take lots of pictures. Label and file them in consecutive order in an acid-free box. Then when you have time in twenty or thirty years, you can look back through them and enjoy the strong emotions and memories that they evoke.

7번 지문

Many students lack the life experiences to imagine that people in other cultures live, behave, and believe differently. Online collaborations create authentic ways for students to learn about places they have never experienced. For instance, a cross-national sharing between elementary schools in different climates revealed that students in one school had questions about snow, which they had never seen, while the partner students were trying to imagine open-air, year-round schools. Minor differences are not minor to students who have never been exposed to any differences at all. Given that most students will, as adults, work in international markets, the more exposure they receive to different cultural patterns during school years, the more successfully they will make the transition as adults.

EBS 2022 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해연습

변형문제 Lesson 7

일반 워크북 형태의 문제에서 벗어나 The Makings가 만든

EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해연습 (2022년 개정) 변형 문제는

출판사에서 오랫동안 영어 번역과 교정을 하셨던 원어민 선생님과

현직에서 강사를 하고 있는 연구진들이 학생들을 위한

최상의 EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해연습 (2022년 개정) 변형 문제를 선보입니다.

사고력과 이해력을 요구하는 문제들로 내신 대비 뿐만이 아니라

수능도 한꺼번에 공부하실 수 있는 자료입니다.

중간고사&기말고사 전에 더메이킹스(The Makings)에서 제작한

EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해연습 (2022년 개정) Lesson 7 변형 문제로 마무리 하세요.

정답 확인 하러가기!

https://themakings.co.kr/102/?idx=903

The Makings의 EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해연습 변형문제 (2022년 개정) 변형 문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글에 알맞지 않은 문장 고르기(객관식)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열하기(서술형)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 EBS 수능특강 라이트(Light) 영어 독해연습 (2022년 개정) 변형문제 Lesson 7 지문입니다.

1번 지문

You'll remember that Odysseus asked his crew to tie him to the mast of his sailing ship to avoid the lure of the Sirens. But if you think about it, he could simply have put beeswax in his ears like he commanded the rest of his crew to do and saved himself a lot of grief. Odysseus wasn't a glutton for punishment. The Sirens could be killed only if whoever heard them could live to tell the story afterward. Odysseus vanquished the Sirens by narrating his near-death voyage after the fact. The slaying was in the telling. The Odysseus myth highlights a key feature of behavior change: Recounting our experiences gives us mastery over them. Whether in the context of psychotherapy, talking to an Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) sponsor, confessing to a priest, confiding in a friend, or writing in a journal, our honest disclosure brings our behavior into relief, allowing us in some cases to see it for the first time. This is especially true for behaviors that involve a level of automaticity outside of conscious awareness.

2번 지문

If it is important to hold on to a certain self-image, then it also makes sense to burnish it. We do this actively by filtering out negative information. Another option is to simply avoid taking actions that have at least some chance of rebounding badly on us. If I cross the road to avoid passing by a beggar, I won't have to reveal to myself that I lack generosity. A would-be migrant who stays home can always maintain the fiction that he would have succeeded had he gone. It takes an ability to dream, or a substantial dose of overconfidence, to overcome this tendency to persist with the status quo. This is perhaps why migrants, at least those not pushed out by desperation, tend to be not the richest or the most educated, but those who have some special drive, which is why we find so many successful entrepreneurs among them.

3번 지문

The idea that education should increase intellectual independence is a very narrow view of learning. It ignores the fact that knowledge depends on others. To fix cars, a mechanic needs to know who can provide parts and who can deliver them, how to find out which cars have been recalled, and how to learn about the latest design innovations. Cars these days depend on technology that comes from all around the world, so a decent car mechanic will have access to knowledge distributed throughout the community of knowledge within the automobile industry. Learning, therefore, isn't just about developing new knowledge and skills. It's also about learning to collaborate with others, recognizing what knowledge we have to offer and what gaps we must rely on others to help us fill.

4번 지문

Euclid, who lived in Alexandria between 350 and 275 B.C., authored The Elements, the most influential geometry book of ancient times. Ptolemy, the king of Egypt at that time, asked for his advice on an easy way to read the book. "There is no royal road to mathematics," replied Euclid. The same is true of elementary mathematics. However, since it deals with the bottom of the tower, the number of layers it establishes is smaller. There are no long chains of arguments as in higher mathematics. This is one of the reasons it is appropriate for children. In another sense, though, it is harder. Some of its layers are hidden and difficult to discern, as if they were built underwater and thus difficult to view. Noticing them requires perceptive observation. They are easy to miss and skip. Elementary school mathematics is not sophisticated, but it contains wisdom. It is not complex, but it is profound.

5번 지문

Fungi make up one of life's kingdoms - as broad and busy a category as "animals" or "plants." Microscopic yeasts are fungi, as are the sprawling networks of honey fungi, or Armillaria, which are among the largest organisms in the world. The current record holder, in Oregon, weighs hundreds of tons, spills across ten square kilometers, and is somewhere between two thousand and eight thousand years old. There are probably many larger, older specimens that remain undiscovered. Many of the most dramatic events on Earth have been - and continue to be - a result of fungal activity. Plants only made it out of the water around five hundred million years ago because of their collaboration with fungi, which served as their root systems for tens of million years until plants could evolve their own. Today, more than ninety percent of plants depend on mycorrhizal fungi which can link trees in shared networks sometimes referred to as the "wood wide web." This ancient association gave rise to all recognizable life on land, the future of which depends on the continued ability of plants and fungi to form healthy relationships.

6번 지문

Telling ourselves everything other people could possibly use against us doesn't numb us to it. It only makes us believe we are worth those words and that those accusations would be valid. Besides, there are so many variables to whether or not someone will grace you with their approval and praise that it's nearly impossible to blanket over everyone and everything completely and universally. And that's what's required if validation is to be sought: certainty, the kind we can't find in ourselves. But people's opinions, especially negative ones, largely stem from what they know they don't have and can't do. You eventually have to stop basing your self-worth on the insecurities of others and start basing it on your own genuine convictions, no matter how long it takes for you to find them. I always knew that my belief that I wasn't worth it wasn't the reason I played my own antagonist. My fear of being hurt by other people was.

7번 지문

When we behave toward others with care and concern, sensitivity and tact, honesty and integrity, generosity and grace, forbearance and forgiveness, we start to become a different person. And such is the nature of reciprocity - itself one of the deeply engraved instincts that is the basis of morality - that we begin to change the way others relate to us; not always, to be sure, but often. Slowly but surely, a new atmosphere begins to be felt, at least in the more intimate environments in which we function. Bad behavior can easily become contagious, but so can good behavior, and it usually wins out in the long run. We feel uplifted by people who care about other people.

8번 지문

When you are learning from experience and moving boldly outside your comfort zone, emotions are likely to be the biggest derailer of your personal learning. There will be times when your body tenses, your head pounds, your mouth goes dry, your hands sweat, your breathing accelerates, and you feel flushed with adrenaline - all signs that a disruptive emotion is at work. Other times you may feel "down," "blah," disconnected, despondent, or "just not into it" as you drag yourself through the day. Though less dramatic, these reactions can also be signs of a disruptive emotion as well. When this happens, it can be very hard to stay focused on learning from your experiments. However, these kinds of emotions are also informative and worth investigating. Emotions aren't just "problems" to be dealt with or suppressed. They also signal that "there is something to be learned here." Understanding why you are feeling the way you are feeling can be an important stimulus for making change if you can prepare yourself to read the signs.

9번 지문

A friend of mine, David, used to be the house magician at a restaurant in Massachusetts. Every night he passed around the tables; coins walked through his fingers, reappeared exactly where they shouldn't, disappeared again, divided in two, vanished into nothing. One evening, two customers returned to the restaurant shortly after leaving and pulled David aside, looking troubled. When they left the restaurant, they said, the sky had appeared shockingly blue and the clouds large and vivid. Had he put something in their drinks? As the weeks went by, it continued to happen - customers returned to say the traffic had seemed louder than it was before, the streetlights brighter, the patterns on the sidewalk more fascinating, the rain more refreshing. The magic tricks were changing the way people experienced the world. David explained to me why he thought this happened. Our perceptions work in large part by expectation. It takes less cognitive effort to make sense of the world using preconceived images updated with a small amount of new sensory information than to constantly form entirely new perceptions from scratch. It is our preconceptions that create the blind spots in which magicians do their work. By attrition, coin tricks loosen the grip of our expectations about the way hands and coins work. Eventually, they loosen the grip of our expectations on our perceptions more generally. On leaving the restaurant, the sky looked different because the diners saw the sky as it was there and then, rather than as they expected it to be. Tricked out of our expectations, we fall back on our senses. What's astonishing is the difference between what we expect to find and what we find when we actually look.