고등영어 자료는 더메이킹스(TheMakings)

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Consider the seemingly simple question "How many senses are there?" Around 2,370 years ago, Aristotle wrote that there are five, in both humans and animals ─ sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. However, according to the philosopher Fiona Macpherson, there are reasons to doubt it. For a start, Aristotle missed a few in humans: the perception of your own body which is different from touch and the sense of balance which has links to both touch and vision. Other animals have senses that are even harder to categorize. Many vertebrates have a different sense system for detecting odors. Some snakes can detect the body heat of their prey. These examples tell us that "senses cannot be clearly divided into a limited number of specific kinds," Macpherson wrote in The Senses. Instead of trying to push animal senses into Aristotelian buckets, we should study them for what they are.

① Aristotle identified five senses shared by both humans and animals approximately 2,370 years ago.

② Many vertebrates possess a separate sensory system specifically designed for detecting sounds.

③ Macpherson pointed out that Aristotle overlooked the human sense of body perception distinct from touch.

④ The variety of animal senses suggests that they resist simple classification into fixed categories.

⑤ Macpherson advocated studying animal senses as they actually are rather than forcing them into preset groups.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문은 아리스토텔레스의 5감각 분류 체계에 대한 도전을 다루면서, 다양한 동물 감각의 사례를 제시한다. 특히 척추동물이 가진 별도의 감각 체계가 무엇을 감지하는지 정확히 파악하는 것이 핵심이다. 지문은 ”Many vertebrates have a different sense system for detecting odors”라고 명시한다. 즉, 많은 척추동물이 가진 별도의 감각 체계는 ”냄새(odors)”를 감지하기 위한 것이다.

따라서 이 감각 체계가 "소리를 감지하기 위해(for detecting sounds)" 설계되었다고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 감지 대상을 잘못 서술한 것이다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ②번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 많은 척추동물이 ”냄새(odors)”를 감지하기 위한 별도의 감각 체계를 가지고 있다고 서술하는 반면, ②번은 ”소리(sounds)”를 감지하기 위한 것이라고 감지 대상을 완전히 바꿔 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 미니 모의고사 1 변형문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 

최상위 수능 기출문제집 N기출 영어영역 고난도 독해 Level 1

미니 모의고사 1 (132문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

Consider the seemingly simple question "How many senses are there?" Around 2,370 years ago, Aristotle wrote that there are five, in both humans and animals ─ sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. However, according to the philosopher Fiona Macpherson, there are reasons to doubt it. For a start, Aristotle missed a few in humans: the perception of your own body which is different from touch and the sense of balance which has links to both touch and vision. Other animals have senses that are even harder to categorize. Many vertebrates have a different sense system for detecting odors. Some snakes can detect the body heat of their prey. These examples tell us that "senses cannot be clearly divided into a limited number of specific kinds," Macpherson wrote in The Senses. Instead of trying to push animal senses into Aristotelian buckets, we should study them for what they are.

2번 지문

Bad lighting can increase stress on your eyes, as can light that is too bright, or light that shines directly into your eyes. Fluorescent lighting can also be tiring. What you may not appreciate is that the quality of light may also be important. Most people are happiest in bright sunshine ― this may cause a release of chemicals in the body that bring a feeling of emotional well-being. Artificial light, which typically contains only a few wavelengths of light, does not seem to have the same effect on mood that sunlight has. Try experimenting with working by a window or using full spectrum bulbs in your desk lamp. You will probably find that this improves the quality of your working environment.

3번 지문

The major philosophical shift in the idea of selling came when industrial societies became more affluent, more competitive, and more geographically spread out during the 1940s and 1950s. This forced business to develop closer relations with buyers and clients, which in turn made business realize that it was not enough to produce a quality product at a reasonable price. In fact, it was equally essential to deliver products that customers actually wanted. Henry Ford produced his best-selling T-model Ford in one color only (black) in 1908, but in modern societies this was no longer possible. The modernization of society led to a marketing revolution that destroyed the view that production would create its own demand. Customers, and the desire to meet their diverse and often complex needs, became the focus of business.

4번 지문

Plato argued that when you see something that strikes you as beautiful, you are really just seeing a partial reflection of true beauty, just as a painting or even a photograph only captures part of the real thing. True beauty, or what Plato calls the Form of Beauty, has no particular color, shape, or size. Rather, it is an abstract idea, like the number five. You can make drawings of the number five in blue or red ink, big or small, but the number five itself is none of those things. It has no physical form. Think of the idea of a triangle, for example. Although it has no particular color or size, it somehow lies within each and every triangle you see. Plato thought the same was true of beauty. The Form of Beauty somehow lies within each and every beautiful thing you see.

5번 지문

On-screen, climate disaster is everywhere you look, but the scope of the world's climate transformation may just as quickly eliminate the climate-fiction genre ─ indeed eliminate any effort to tell the story of warming, which could grow too large and too obvious even for Hollywood. You can tell stories 'about' climate change while it still seems a marginal feature of human life. But when the temperature rises by three or four more degrees, hardly anyone will be able to feel isolated from its impacts. And so as climate change expands across the horizon, it may cease to be a story. Why watch or read climate fiction about the world you can see plainly out your own window? At the moment, stories illustrating global warming can still offer an escapist pleasure, even if that pleasure often comes in the form of horror. But when we can no longer pretend that climate suffering is distant ─ in time or in place ─ we will stop pretending about it and start pretending within it.

6번 지문

One dynamic that can change dramatically in sport is the concept of the home-field advantage, in which perceived demands and resources seem to play a role. Under normal circumstances, the home ground would appear to provide greater perceived resources (fans, home field, and so on). However, researchers Roy Baumeister and Andrew Steinhilber were among the first to point out that these competitive factors can change; for example, the success percentage for home teams in the final games of a playoff or World Series seems to drop. Fans can become part of the perceived demands rather than resources under those circumstances. This change in perception can also explain why a team that's struggling at the start of the year will often welcome a road trip to reduce perceived demands and pressures.

7번 지문

You may believe that all forms of negative thinking are unnecessary, extreme, and irrational. Nothing could be further from the truth. Quite often, you might experience unpleasant, tragic, and upsetting events in your life that you believe to be negative. As a result of these beliefs, you experience unpleasant emotions. If you are perceiving a situation accurately, your distressing emotions will serve a useful function for you. For example, if a close friend has died and you are extremely sad because you miss your close relationship, crying, grieving, and sadness will allow you to work through the difficult situation and incorporate it into your experience so that you can move on with your life. Only when the thoughts take on an unrealistically negative and distorted quality (e.g., "my life is over because my friend is gone; the same fate will soon befall me; I have nothing left to look forward to in my life") is it likely that you will experience emotions and behavioral reactions that are dysfunctional and self-defeating.

8번 지문

To-do lists, while serving as a useful collection of our best intentions, also burden us with trivial tasks that we feel obliged to accomplish simply because they're on the list. Which is why most of us have a love-hate relationship with our to-do lists. If allowed, they set our priorities the same way an inbox can dictate our day. Many inboxes are filled with unimportant messages pretending to be important tasks. Tackling these tasks in the order we receive them is behaving as if the squeaky wheel immediately deserves the grease. But, as Australian prime minister Bob Hawke properly noted, "The things which are most important don't always scream the loudest."

9번 지문

Conventional medicine has long believed that depression is caused by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain. However, there is a major problem with this explanation. This is because the imbalance of substances in the brain is a consequence of depression, not its cause. In other words, depression causes a decrease in brain substances such as serotonin and noradrenaline, not a decrease in brain substances causes depression. In this revised cause-and-effect, the key is to reframe depression as a problem of consciousness. Our consciousness is a more fundamental entity that goes beyond the functioning of the brain. The brain is no more than an organ of consciousness. If it is not consciousness itself, then the root cause of depression is also a distortion of our state of consciousness: a consciousness that has lost its sense of self and the meaning of life. Such a disease of consciousness may manifest itself in the form of depression.

10번 지문

On January 26, 2013, a band of al-Qaeda militants entered the ancient city of Timbuktu on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. There, they set fire to a medieval library of 30,000 manuscripts written in Arabic and several African languages and ranging in subject from astronomy to geography, history to medicine. Unknown in the West, this was the collected wisdom of an entire continent, the voice of Africa at a time when Africa was thought not to have a voice at all. The mayor of Bamako, who witnessed the event, called the burning of the manuscripts "a crime against world cultural heritage." And he was right ─ or he would have been, if it weren't for the fact that he was also lying. In fact, just before, African scholars had collected a random assortment of old books and left them out for the terrorists to burn. Today, the collection lies hidden in Bamako, the capital of Mali, moldering in the high humidity. What was rescued by ruse is now once again in jeopardy, this time by climate.

11번 지문

A morally good person is one who does morally bad actions significantly less often than most and does morally good ones significantly more often than most. In judging a person not only her actions but also her intentions and motives are relevant. A morally good person must intend to do morally good actions and intend to avoid morally bad ones. A person who unintentionally prevents harm to others and does not harm them simply because things do not turn out as she intends is not morally good. Although this kind of situation generally occurs only in slapstick movies, it is worth mentioning to avoid the false impression that it is the actual consequences of a person's actions that count toward her being judged morally good or bad. But actual consequences are important. A person who always tries to prevent harm but never does, is not generally thought of as morally good. Of such a person, it may be said that she means well; but, contrary to Kant, some results are necessary before she is regarded as morally good.

12번 지문

In a study, psychologist Laurence Steinberg of Temple University and his co-author, psychologist Margo Gardner divided 306 people into three age groups: young adolescents, with a mean age of 14; older adolescents, with a mean age of 19; and adults, aged 24 and older. Subjects played a computerized driving game in which the player must avoid crashing into a wall that appears, without warning, on the roadway. Steinberg and Gardner randomly assigned some participants to play alone or with two same-age peers looking on. Older adolescents scored about 50 percent higher on an index of risky driving when their peers were in the room ― and the driving of early adolescents was fully twice as reckless when other young teens were around. In contrast, adults behaved in similar ways regardless of whether they were on their own or observed by others.

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

The problem of amino acid deficiency is not unique to the modern world by any means. Preindustrial humanity probably dealt with protein and amino acid insufficiency on a regular basis. Sure, large hunted animals such as mammoths provided protein and amino acids aplenty. However, living off big game in the era before refrigeration meant humans had to endure alternating periods of feast and famine. Droughts, forest fires, superstorms, and ice ages led to long stretches of difficult conditions, and starvation was a constant threat. The human inability to synthesize such basic things as amino acids certainly worsened those crises and made surviving on whatever was available that much harder. During a famine, it's not the lack of calories that is the ultimate cause of death; it's the lack of proteins and the essential amino acids they provide.

① Amino acid deficiency has been a challenge that existed since preindustrial times.

② Large hunted animals like mammoths served as rich sources of protein and amino acids.

③ Various natural disasters posed continuous threats to early human survival and food supply.

④ Humans are able to synthesize amino acids internally when faced with food scarcity.

⑤ The ultimate cause of death during famine is the shortage of proteins and essential amino acids.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문은 아미노산 결핍이 인류에게 미친 역사적 영향을 다룬다. 특히 인간의 아미노산 합성 능력 여부에 대한 서술을 정확히 파악하는 것이 핵심이다.

지문은 ”The human inability to synthesize such basic things as amino acids certainly worsened those crises”라고 명시한다. 여기서 ”inability(무능력)”은 인간이 아미노산을 합성할 수 ”없다"는 것을 의미한다. 이 무능력이 위기를 악화시킨 원인으로 제시된다.

따라서 인간이 식량 부족에 직면했을 때 아미노산을 ”내부적으로 합성할 수 있다(are able to synthesize internally)”고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 인간이 아미노산을 합성할 수 ”없다(inability)”고 서술하며, 이 무능력이 위기를 악화시켰다고 설명하는 반면, ④번은 인간이 식량 부족 시 아미노산을 ”내부적으로 합성할 수 있다(are able to synthesize internally)”고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 Part 2 - 5. 건강 & 의학 변형문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 

최상위 수능 기출문제집 N기출 영어영역 고난도 독해 Level 2

Part 2 - 5. 건강 & 의학(44문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

The problem of amino acid deficiency is not unique to the modern world by any means. Preindustrial humanity probably dealt with protein and amino acid insufficiency on a regular basis. Sure, large hunted animals such as mammoths provided protein and amino acids aplenty. However, living off big game in the era before refrigeration meant humans had to endure alternating periods of feast and famine. Droughts, forest fires, superstorms, and ice ages led to long stretches of difficult conditions, and starvation was a constant threat. The human inability to synthesize such basic things as amino acids certainly worsened those crises and made surviving on whatever was available that much harder. During a famine, it's not the lack of calories that is the ultimate cause of death; it's the lack of proteins and the essential amino acids they provide.

2번 지문

Application of Buddhist-style mindfulness to Western psychology came primarily from the research of Jon Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. He initially took on the difficult task of treating chronic-pain patients, many of whom had not responded well to traditional pain-management therapy. In many ways, such treatment seems completely paradoxical ― you teach people to deal with pain by helping them to become more aware of it! However, the key is to help people let go of the constant tension that accompanies their fighting of pain, a struggle that actually prolongs their awareness of pain. Mindfulness meditation allowed many of these people to increase their sense of well-being and to experience a better quality of life. How so? Because such meditation is based on the principle that if we try to ignore or repress unpleasant thoughts or sensations, then we only end up increasing their intensity.

3번 지문

The volume of Neanderthal brains ranged from 1,200 to 1,750 cc, about the same (1,200 to 1,700 cc) range as that of early and present specimens of modern Homo sapiens. This doesn't mean that they were as clever as modern human beings, since brain size is also related to muscularity and climatic conditions. People who live in colder climates tend to have larger brains, and Neanderthals lived in Eurasia during a cold period. Neanderthal skeletal bones also show that they were massive. They had short, stocky bodies; males probably weighed about 145 pounds and stood less than five feet seven inches tall. Brain volume also is correlated with heavier massive muscles and body weight in closely related species. Heinz Stephan, a German neuroanatomist, has been studying the sizes of the brains and their various parts in many species over the past forty years. His detailed measurements show that bigger muscles require bigger brains, independent of intelligence.

4번 지문

Wind back the clock. We've found a hormone that can rejuvenate the muscles of elderly mice. Osteocalcin ― a hormone secreted by bone ― boosts the ability of muscles to burn fuel and generate energy, researchers at Columbia University discovered. When the team injected the hormone into old mice, the animals were able to run just as far as their younger counterparts, despite being up to a year older ― a long time in mouse years. Old mice that did not receive the hormone ran about half as far. Osteocalcin levels decline with age in both mice and humans, and the team now plans to test whether the hormone can improve muscle function in people too.

서현고 내신,

'수학·과학은 특목고급, 영어는 숨 돌릴 틈' — 전략이 갈리는 학교

서현고 내신의 가장 큰 특징은 과목별 난이도 편차가 뚜렷하다는 점입니다. 수학은 특목고 교육과정에 준할 만큼 심화 수준이 높게 출제되고, 과학중점학교 전환 이후 1학년 과학 과목이 사실상 전원 필수로 운영되면서 과학 부담도 함께 커졌습니다. 반면 영어는 상대적으로 부담이 덜한 편이어서, 수학·과학에서 등급이 갈리는 구조가 고착돼 있습니다.

분당 학군 내신 데이터에서도 서현고는 평균은 높고 표준편차는 낮은 학교로 분류됩니다. 소수 최상위권이 독식하는 구조가 아니라 중상위권이 두껍게 포진해 있다는 뜻이며, 그만큼 한 문제 차이로 등급이 갈리는 촘촘한 경쟁이 벌어집니다. 아침 자습·휴대폰 수거·복장 점검 등 전통적이고 관리가 엄격한 학풍도 이런 학습 밀도를 뒷받침합니다.

소인수 과목을 개설하고 과정 중심 평가와 성취평가제를 적용하는 만큼, 고교학점제 체제에서 어떤 과목을 선택하느냐가 내신 유불리와 직결됩니다. 서현 탑리더스 클럽(탐구논문프로젝트·CIS 창의지성 과학인재·CIH 인문학 탐구반·CIT 창의적 IT 인재), 30북스 클럽, 입시전문교사 1:1 진학 컨설팅, 학부모·교사가 매달 모이는 서현고 대학입시전략위원회 등 학생부를 채울 프로그램이 풍부해 수시 학종 경쟁력이 높은 학교이기도 합니다.

국어 – 엄바른국어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/kookdae12

엄바른국어학원은 분당 서현에서 고등 국어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 국어 전문 학원입니다. '엄바른'이라는 이름에는 엄정한 기준과 바른 독해로 국어를 가르치겠다는 뜻이 담겨 있습니다. 감으로 푸는 국어가 아니라 근거를 짚어 읽는 국어를 지향합니다.

서현고는 3학년에서 화법과 작문·문화와 매체 등 선택 과목이 갈리고 과정 중심 평가가 적용되므로, 학생이 수강하는 과목에 맞춘 맞춤 대비가 필수입니다. 특히 소인수 과목은 응시 인원이 적어 서술형 한 문항의 감점이 등급을 바꿉니다. 엄바른국어학원은 서현고 출제 경향에 맞춰 문학·독서(비문학)·문법 전 영역을 체계적으로 지도하고, 서술형 답안 첨삭과 수능 국어 연계 커리큘럼을 함께 운영합니다.

영어 – 내가찾던영어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/ncy_sh

내가찾던영어학원은 서현에서 고등 영어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 영어 전문 학원입니다. '내가 찾던 영어'라는 순우리말 이름 그대로, 학생마다 다른 '나에게 맞는 영어 수업'을 찾아주겠다는 의미를 담고 있습니다.

서현고 영어는 수학·과학에 비해 난이도 부담이 덜한 편이지만, 바로 그 점 때문에 실수 한 번이 치명적인 과목이기도 합니다. 평균이 높게 형성되는 만큼 1~2문항 차이로 등급이 갈리고, 서술형 영작의 철자·어법 감점이 그대로 등급 하락으로 이어집니다. 내가찾던영어학원은 서현고 기출 경향에 맞춰 교과서 본문 정밀 분석, 외부 지문 변형 문제 대응, 서술형 영작 정확도 훈련을 단계별로 진행하고, 내신 기간에는 학교별 집중 대비 수업을 별도 편성합니다.

수학 – 11페이지수학전문학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/11pagemath

11페이지수학전문학원은 분당에서 고등 수학 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 수학 전문 학원입니다. '11페이지'라는 이름에는 남들이 10페이지에서 덮을 때 한 페이지를 더 넘긴다는 의미가 담겨 있습니다. 마지막 한 문제, 마지막 한 단계를 더 밀어붙이는 학습 태도를 상징합니다.

서현고 수학은 분당권에서도 손꼽히는 난도로, 특목고 교육과정에 준하는 심화 문항이 출제됩니다. 3학년 심화수학I 등 선택 과목까지 고려하면 단순 진도 선행으로는 등급 확보가 어렵고, 고난도 응용 문제 해결력과 서술형 풀이 작성 능력이 반드시 필요합니다. 11페이지수학전문학원은 서현고 기출 분석을 바탕으로 개념 심화, 킬러 문항 훈련, 서술형 채점 기준에 맞는 풀이 작성, 수능 수학 연계 커리큘럼을 체계적으로 제공합니다.

과학 – 플랜지과학학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/pvirdinia

플랜지과학학원은 분당에서 고등 과학 내신과 수능 과탐을 전문으로 지도하는 과학 전문 학원입니다. '플랜지(Flange)'는 두 개의 배관이나 부품을 단단히 이어 붙이는 연결 부품을 뜻하는 말로, 흩어진 개념과 실제 문제를 빈틈없이 연결해주겠다는 교육 철학을 담고 있습니다.

서현고는 2023년부터 과학중점고등학교로 운영되며 1학년 과학 과목이 사실상 전원 필수, 2·3학년은 과학중점 과정이 별도 편성됩니다. 경기과학고를 모델로 한 R&E·STEM 연구 프로그램과 CIS(창의지성 과학인재) 활동까지 이어지므로, 내신 과학 성적은 물론 탐구 활동의 깊이가 수시 학생부의 핵심 자산이 됩니다. 플랜지과학학원은 단원별 핵심 개념 정리부터 서현고 기출 분석, 서술형·탐구 실험 대비, 수능 과탐 연계까지 내실 있는 커리큘럼으로 진행합니다.

종합/입시 – 매시브학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/massiv2008

매시브학원은 서현고 학생들의 내신과 입시를 통합 관리하는 종합 입시 학원입니다. '매시브(Massive)'는 거대하고 압도적인이라는 뜻으로, 학생의 성장 폭을 압도적으로 키워내겠다는 포부를 담고 있습니다. 2008년부터 이어온 운영 경험을 바탕으로 한 체계적인 관리 시스템이 강점입니다.

서현고는 고교학점제 선도학교이자 과학중점학교로, 1학년 과목 선택이 곧 3년 치 입시 전략을 결정하는 학교입니다. 수학·과학 중심의 높은 내신 난도를 감안하면 수시 학종과 정시를 동시에 설계하는 투트랙 전략이 현실적이며, 탑리더스 클럽·탐구논문프로젝트 등 교내 프로그램을 학생부에 어떻게 녹여낼지가 학종 경쟁력을 좌우합니다. 매시브학원은 서현고 학생들에게 내신 기간별 과목 집중 수업, 선택 과목 설계 상담, 수시 학생부 관리, 수능 대비 로드맵, 정시 지원 전략까지 통합 지원합니다.

서현고 내신,

과목별 난이도 편차를 읽는 것이 전략의 출발점입니다

서현고는 1991년 개교해 분당 신도시와 함께 성장해온 공립 명문으로, 고교학점제 선도학교·IT융합 교과중점·과학중점고등학교라는 세 가지 색을 동시에 가진 학교입니다. 수학과 과학은 특목고급 난도로 등급이 갈리고, 영어는 평균이 높아 실수 하나가 치명적입니다. 과목마다 공략법이 전혀 다른 학교인 만큼, 서현고 출제 경향을 정확히 아는 과목별 전문 학원을 만나는 것이 내신 관리의 출발점입니다.

더메이킹스에서 서현고 맞춤 학원 목록을 확인해 보세요.

👉 학교별 맞춤 학원 찾기 – 더메이킹스

https://themakings.co.kr/157

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

There is nothing inherently irrational about preferring pleasure now to pleasure later. All things being equal, it pays to enjoy things now. That is why, when we lend out money, we insist on interest. A dollar tomorrow really is worth less than a dollar today (even if we assume there is no inflation), and interest is the price we put on the difference. Interest is charged at a fixed rate per unit of time, which means that it compounds, or increases exponentially. That compensates you exactly for the decreasing value of the money coming back to you as time elapses, because the decrease in value also rapidly changes. Why is it rapidly changing? With every passing day, there is a fixed chance that you will die, or that the borrower will abscond or go bankrupt and you'll never see the money again. Going back to pleasure, a rational agent, when deciding between indulging today and indulging tomorrow, would opt for tomorrow only if the pleasure would be exceptionally great.

① It is irrational by nature to prefer immediate pleasure over future pleasure when making decisions.

② Interest serves as the price assigned to the gap between the value of money today and in the future.

③ Because interest compounds at a fixed rate per unit of time, it grows exponentially over the lending period.

④ Each day that passes carries a constant probability that the lender may die or the borrower may disappear.

⑤ A rational person would choose to postpone enjoyment only when the anticipated future pleasure were remarkably large.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 전제는 ”즉각적 쾌락을 선호하는 것은 합리적이다"라는 것이다. 지문의 첫 문장이 이 전제를 명확히 선언하며, 이후의 이자 논의와 합리적 행위자 논의가 모두 이 전제 위에 구축된다.

지문은 ”There is nothing inherently irrational about preferring pleasure now to pleasure later”라고 명시한다. “nothing inherently irrational”은 "본질적으로 비합리적인 것이 아무것도 없다" — 즉, 즉각적 쾌락 선호는 합리적이라는 의미이다.

따라서 즉각적 쾌락을 선호하는 것이 ”본질적으로 비합리적이다(irrational by nature)”고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ①번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 즉각적 쾌락을 선호하는 것에 ”본질적으로 비합리적인 것이 아무것도 없다(nothing inherently irrational)”고 서술하는 반면, ①번은 ”본질적으로 비합리적이다(irrational by nature)”고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 30 변형문제는 총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 30(44문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

There is nothing inherently irrational about preferring pleasure now to pleasure later. All things being equal, it pays to enjoy things now. That is why, when we lend out money, we insist on interest. A dollar tomorrow really is worth less than a dollar today (even if we assume there is no inflation), and interest is the price we put on the difference. Interest is charged at a fixed rate per unit of time, which means that it compounds, or increases exponentially. That compensates you exactly for the decreasing value of the money coming back to you as time elapses, because the decrease in value also rapidly changes. Why is it rapidly changing? With every passing day, there is a fixed chance that you will die, or that the borrower will abscond or go bankrupt and you'll never see the money again. Going back to pleasure, a rational agent, when deciding between indulging today and indulging tomorrow, would opt for tomorrow only if the pleasure would be exceptionally great.

2번 지문

The Sun sends us more than heat and light; it sends lots of other energy and small particles our way. The protective magnetic field around Earth shields us from most of the energy and particles, and we don't even notice them. But the Sun doesn't send the same amount of energy all the time. During one kind of solar storm called a coronal mass ejection, the Sun burps out a huge bubble of electrified gas that can travel through space at high speeds. When it comes toward Earth, some of the energy and small particles ionize the oxygen and nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. This usually happens around the poles of a planet where the magnetic field lines are concentrated and the atmosphere becomes thicker. There, the particles interact with gases in the atmosphere resulting in beautiful displays of light in the sky called auroras. Oxygen gives off green and red light. Nitrogen glows blue and purple.

3번 지문

As you probably know, our metabolisms stay elevated for a significant amount of time after exercise. Unfortunately though, by the time we actually get around to exercising again, our metabolism has reverted to a slower pace and getting "back into the groove" for the next day's bike ride, run, or aerobic session can be difficult. Wheezing, gasping for breath, coughing, stumbling, and feeling sleepy, lethargic, or fatigued are sometimes associated with starting exercise after that 24-hour break. This is because our body must be warm, our lungs must be stretched, and our blood must be actively flowing before our body begins efficiently utilizing oxygen. For most individuals, it takes about two minutes for this process to begin to occur, after which you actually start feeling good. Rather than struggling through these first two minutes at a slow pace, your post-exercise metabolic rate will be higher if you simply start the cardio at a moderate pace and hang on for the first 120 seconds. In addition, you'll not only warm-up faster, but the rest of your exercise routine will burn more calories.

4번 지문

Brilliant individuals, whether anthropologists, psychologists, or economists, assume that brilliance is the key to human achievement. They vote for the smartest people to run governments, they ask the cleverest experts to devise plans for the economy, and they credit the sharpest scientists with discoveries. They are all barking up the wrong tree. The key to human achievement is not individual intelligence at all. Human achievement is entirely a networking phenomenon. It is by combining brainpower through the division of labor that human society happened upon a way to raise the living standards, technological virtuosity, and knowledge base of the species. We can see this in all sorts of phenomena: the collapse of technology in people who became isolated, like native Tasmanians; the prosperity of trading city states in Greece, Italy, Holland, and Southeast Asia; the creative consequences of trade. Human achievement is rooted in collective intelligence ─ the nodes in the human neural network are people themselves. By each doing one thing and mastering it, then combining the results through exchange, people become capable of doing things they do not even understand. As the economist Leonard Read pointed out in his essay "I, Pencil," no single person knows how to make even a pencil ─ the knowledge is distributed in society among many thousands of graphite miners, lumberjacks, designers and factory workers.

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

In the United States, we tend to equate creativity with novelty and originality. But the high value that we place on novelty is not shared universally in all cultures. In performance, for example, we find that in almost all cultures ─ including our own ─ improvisation is allowed only in informal performances; in formal settings, in contrast, improvisation is not allowed. Formal performances must follow the movements of the dance or the words of the script. In most cultures, rituals forbid improvisation. This seems to be related to the power of ritual; a ritual can only perform its supernatural function if performed exactly, and a divergence from the appropriate dance or script would result in an ineffective ritual. In a traditional U.S. Christian wedding, the religious official is expected to say "I now pronounce you husband and wife"; an unexpected creative improvisation such as "I exclaim that you are now joined for life" or even "From now on you will be married" would be disturbing, generally not welcomed by the participants and audience.

① The value placed on novelty varies across different cultures around the world.

② Improvisation is generally permitted in informal performances in most cultures.

③ Rituals require precise execution because deviations may render them ineffective.

④ The wedding example shows that creative variations in formal ceremonies are typically welcomed.

⑤ Formal performances demand adherence to established movements and scripts.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지는 ”공식적 공연과 의식에서 즉흥과 창의적 변형은 허용되지 않는다"는 것이다. 특히 결혼식 사례가 이 논지를 뒷받침하는 구체적 근거로 사용된다.

지문은 결혼식에서의 창의적 즉흥에 대해 ”would be disturbing, generally not welcomed by the participants and audience”라고 명시한다. 즉, 공식적 의식에서의 창의적 변형은 "불안하게 하며" 일반적으로 ”환영받지 못한다(not welcomed)”는 것이다.

따라서 결혼식 사례가 공식적 의식에서의 창의적 변형이 전형적으로 ”환영받는다(are typically welcomed)”는 것을 보여준다고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 결혼식에서의 창의적 즉흥이 "불안하게 하며(disturbing)" 참가자와 청중에게 ”일반적으로 환영받지 못한다(generally not welcomed)”고 서술하는 반면, ④번은 공식적 의식에서의 창의적 변형이 전형적으로 ”환영받는다(typically welcomed)”고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 29  변형문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 29(55문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

In the United States, we tend to equate creativity with novelty and originality. But the high value that we place on novelty is not shared universally in all cultures. In performance, for example, we find that in almost all cultures ─ including our own ─ improvisation is allowed only in informal performances; in formal settings, in contrast, improvisation is not allowed. Formal performances must follow the movements of the dance or the words of the script. In most cultures, rituals forbid improvisation. This seems to be related to the power of ritual; a ritual can only perform its supernatural function if performed exactly, and a divergence from the appropriate dance or script would result in an ineffective ritual. In a traditional U.S. Christian wedding, the religious official is expected to say "I now pronounce you husband and wife"; an unexpected creative improvisation such as "I exclaim that you are now joined for life" or even "From now on you will be married" would be disturbing, generally not welcomed by the participants and audience.

2번 지문

Despite the widespread adoption of anti-discrimination legislation, minority ethnic groups are still at a disadvantage in many areas of life. This is particularly noticeable in employment, where minorities are more than statistically likely to be in lower-paid or unwanted jobs, and the top positions are occupied almost exclusively by members of the dominant ethnic group. Legislation is clearly not effective in preventing discrimination, so some countries have used a system of positive discrimination to try to correct the inequality. For example, India, which has a very ethnically diverse population, operates a system of quotas in educational places and companies for the various ethnic groups; elsewhere, applicants from minority ethnic groups are given preference for vacancies. However, these schemes have been accused of unfairly tipping the balance, and run the risk of increasing prejudice against minority ethnic groups, although they have played a part in resolving inequalities.

3번 지문

In many domains, there are issues that have not yet been resolved, questions that have not yet been posed, and problems that have no obvious solution. These "ill-structured" problems require a creative approach. Paradoxically, when people are given free rein to solve a problem, they tend to be wholly uncreative, focusing on what's worked best in the past. This is due to the fundamental nature of human cognition: to imagine the future we generate what we already know from the past. Such freedom can hinder creativity, whereas the strategic use of constraints can promote creativity. By using constraints, reliable responses are precluded and novel surprising ones are encouraged. You'll be more creative if your mind is not allowed to roam free.

4번 지문

Rap music flourished without access to the music establishment. Most rap is performed by artists in their own homes, using inexpensive, widely accessible equipment, in contrast to the sound studios and sophisticated recording equipment of other musical genres. Rap music is mainly disseminated on homemade cassettes and by locally owned independent record companies. For a decade, the major recording companies resisted rap, and even in the mid-1990s only a small portion of the music on the Billboard rap singles chart was produced by the major labels. The radio industry (which usually makes or breaks the success of any piece of music) ignored rap because its audience is not a priority for radio advertisers to reach. For example, New York does not have a single rap station, although it has two full-time classical radio stations.

5번 지문

In the early 1980s, Nancy Andreasen, a neuroscientist at the University of Iowa, interviewed several dozen successful writers from the Iowa Writers' Workshop about their mental history. Andreasen found that 80 percent of the writers were exceedingly worried and nervous. Why is severe mental burden so closely associated with creativity? Her explanation is straightforward: It's not easy to write a good novel. The process often requires years of careful attention as the artist fixes mistakes and corrects errors. As a result, the ability to stick with the process is extremely important. "Successful writers are like prizefighters who keep on getting hit but won't go down," Andreasen says. "They'll stick with it until it's right. And that seems to be what the mood disorders help with." A similar theme emerged from biographical studies of British novelists and poets done by Kay Redfield Jamison, a professor of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins. According to her data, successful writers were eight times as likely as people in the general population to suffer from feelings of severe despondency and dejection.

불곡고등학교,

분당 유일의 펜싱부를 가진 구미동 공립 남녀공학

불곡고등학교는 경기도 성남시 분당구 금곡로 149(구미동 91)에 위치한 공립 남녀공학 일반고로, 1997년 3월 1일 개교했습니다. 학생 수 694명·교원 수 56명·27학급 규모이며, 학급당 학생 수 26명, 교사당 학생 수 12명으로 분당권 평균 수준의 학급 환경을 갖추고 있습니다. 교훈은 '정의·성실·역행', 교목은 소나무, 교화는 목련입니다. 분당 내에서 유일하게 펜싱부가 있는 학교로 유명하며, 불곡중학교 바로 옆에 자리해 중·고 연계 학습 분위기가 자연스럽게 이어집니다.

불곡고의 교육과정은 계열이 따로 정해져 있지 않은 인문·자연 융합교육과정으로, 학생의 진로에 맞게 인문사회·자연과학·소프트웨어 계열의 과목들을 선택하는 자유수강제로 운영됩니다. 2015 개정교육과정의 교육목표인 창의융합형 인재 육성에 따라 학생들을 미래 사회에서 요구하는 인재로 성장시키는 데 집중하며, 수시와 정시 전형을 모두 준비할 수 있는 학생 중심 맞춤형 교육과정이 핵심 강점입니다.

불곡고 내신,

'자유수강제'가 만드는 선택 과목별 맞춤 전략이 핵심

불곡고는 문·이과 계열 구분 없이 학생이 직접 과목을 설계하는 자유수강제 학교입니다. 같은 학년이라도 학생마다 듣는 과목 조합이 달라, 내신 대비 역시 '학교 평균'이 아니라 '내가 선택한 과목'을 기준으로 설계해야 합니다. 특히 선택 과목은 수강 인원이 적을수록 등급 확보가 까다로워지므로, 과목 선택 단계부터 내신 유불리와 대학 전공 적합성을 함께 고려하는 전략적 판단이 필요합니다.

분당 학군 전반이 그렇듯 불곡고 역시 중위권 이상 학생들의 학업 밀도가 높은 편이며, 인근 구미동·정자동 학원가 접근성이 좋아 과목별 전문 학원을 활용한 내신 관리가 보편화되어 있습니다. 소프트웨어 계열 과목까지 편성된 학교인 만큼, 진로에 따라 수시 학생부 설계를 일찍 시작하는 것이 유리합니다.

국어 – 박상희국어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/pikacademy

박상희국어학원은 분당에서 고등 국어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 국어 전문 학원입니다. 박상희 원장이 직접 수업을 설계하고 진행하는 원장 직강 체제로, 학생 한 명 한 명의 독해 습관과 답안 작성 패턴까지 짚어주는 밀착 지도를 지향합니다.

불곡고 국어 내신은 교과서 본문 분석과 외부 지문 독해, 그리고 서술형 답안의 완성도에서 등급이 갈립니다. 자유수강제 학교 특성상 화법과 작문·언어와 매체·독서·문학 등 선택 과목에 따라 대비 방향이 달라지므로, 학생이 수강하는 과목에 맞춘 커리큘럼이 중요합니다. 박상희국어학원은 불곡고 출제 경향에 맞춰 문학·독서(비문학)·문법 전 영역을 체계적으로 지도하고, 서술형 대비와 수능 국어 연계 학습을 함께 운영합니다.

영어 – 이존영어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/4lucia

이존영어학원은 분당에서 고등 영어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 영어 전문 학원입니다. '이존(E-Zone)'은 영어(English)에 온전히 몰입하는 전용 공간(Zone)이라는 의미로, 학생이 영어 하나에 집중할 수 있는 환경을 만드는 것을 지향합니다.

불곡고 영어 내신은 교과서 본문과 학교 자체 프린트, 그리고 외부 지문까지 범위가 넓어 본문 암기만으로는 1등급 확보가 어렵습니다. 변형 문제 대응력과 서술형 영작 정확도가 실질적인 변별 요소이며, 수능 영어 절대평가 1등급 확보를 동시에 준비해야 정시 경쟁력까지 챙길 수 있습니다. 이존영어학원은 불곡고 기출 경향에 맞춰 어휘·구문·독해·본문 분석·서술형 영작을 단계별로 훈련하고, 내신 기간에는 학교별 집중 대비 수업을 별도 편성합니다.

수학 – 너를위한특별한수학학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/smath4u

너를위한특별한수학학원은 분당에서 고등 수학 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 수학 전문 학원입니다. '너를 위한 특별한 수학'이라는 이름 그대로, 모든 학생에게 같은 진도를 돌리는 대신 학생 개개인의 현재 실력과 목표에 맞춘 맞춤 설계를 지향합니다.

불곡고 수학 내신은 자유수강제 특성상 학생마다 수강 과목이 달라 '같은 반 친구와 다른 시험'을 치르는 경우가 많습니다. 대수·미적분Ⅰ·확률과 통계·미적분Ⅱ·기하 등 선택 과목별로 출제 난도와 변별 포인트가 다르기 때문에, 과목에 맞는 기출 분석과 심화 훈련이 반드시 필요합니다. 너를위한특별한수학학원은 불곡고 기출 분석을 바탕으로 개념 심화, 고난도 응용 문제 훈련, 서술형 채점 기준에 맞는 풀이 작성, 수능 수학 연계 커리큘럼을 체계적으로 제공합니다.

과학 – 아카과학학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/akascience

아카과학학원은 분당에서 고등 과학 내신과 수능 과탐을 전문으로 지도하는 과학 전문 학원입니다. 'ACA(아카)'는 Academy의 약자로, 학문적 깊이와 체계성을 갖춘 과학 교육을 지향합니다.

불곡고는 인문·자연 융합 자유수강제를 운영하므로, 자연과학 계열 과목을 선택한 학생의 과학 내신 관리가 입시 결과를 좌우합니다. 통합과학부터 물리학·화학·생명과학·지구과학까지 개념 이해, 탐구 실험 적용, 서술형 답안 작성 능력이 고르게 요구되며, 수강 인원이 적은 과목일수록 한 문제 차이로 등급이 갈립니다. 아카과학학원은 단원별 핵심 개념 정리부터 불곡고 기출 분석, 서술형·탐구 대비, 수능 과탐 연계까지 내실 있는 커리큘럼으로 진행합니다.

논술 – 율빛학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/yourlight2021

율빛학원은 분당에서 고등 논술을 전문으로 지도하는 논술 전문 학원입니다. '율빛(律빛)'이라는 이름처럼 논리(律)의 빛으로 글쓰기의 길을 밝혀준다는 의미를 담고 있습니다.

불곡고처럼 수시와 정시를 동시에 준비하는 학교에서는 논술 전형이 내신 등급의 한계를 보완하는 현실적인 돌파구가 됩니다. 특히 내신이 2~4등급대이면서 수능 최저학력기준을 충족할 수 있는 학생에게 논술은 상위권 대학 진학의 중요한 경로입니다. 율빛학원은 인문·자연 계열 대학별 논술 출제 경향 분석과 실전 답안 작성 훈련을 통해 불곡고 학생들의 수시 논술 경쟁력을 체계적으로 키웁니다.

종합/입시 – 대치명인학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/immyungin1000

대치명인학원은 불곡고 학생들의 내신과 입시를 통합 관리하는 종합 입시 학원입니다. '명인(名人)'은 한 분야에서 최고 경지에 오른 장인을 뜻하는 말로, 학생 한 명 한 명을 자기 분야의 명인으로 길러낸다는 교육 철학을 담고 있습니다. 대치동 입시 노하우를 기반으로 한 체계적인 커리큘럼과 관리 시스템이 강점입니다.

불곡고는 자유수강제로 학생마다 진로와 과목 구성이 제각각인 만큼, 획일적인 입시 전략이 통하지 않는 학교입니다. 어떤 과목을 선택하느냐가 곧 어떤 전형을 노리느냐와 직결되기 때문에, 고1 과목 선택 단계부터 수시 학종·교과·논술·정시 중 주력 경로를 설계하는 것이 중요합니다. 대치명인학원은 불곡고 학생들에게 내신 기간별 과목 집중 수업, 선택 과목 설계 상담, 수시 학생부 관리, 수능 대비 로드맵, 정시 지원 전략까지 통합 지원합니다.

불곡고 내신,

자유수강제의 강점을 살리는 맞춤 설계가 답입니다

불곡고는 1997년 개교한 분당 구미동의 공립 남녀공학으로, 분당 유일의 펜싱부와 인문·자연 융합 자유수강제가 특색인 학교입니다. 계열 구분 없이 진로에 맞춰 과목을 직접 설계하는 만큼, 과목 선택 단계부터 내신 전략과 입시 전형을 함께 고민하는 것이 불곡고 입시의 핵심입니다. 내 아이가 선택한 과목의 출제 경향을 정확히 아는 학원을 만나는 것, 그것이 불곡고 내신 관리의 시작입니다.

더메이킹스에서 불곡고 맞춤 학원 목록을 확인해 보세요.

👉 학교별 맞춤 학원 찾기 – 더메이킹스

https://themakings.co.kr/157

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Sometimes it may be better to have your dessert before dinner. We often think that we will enjoy a leisure activity or vacation as a reward for getting our work done, but it turns out we'll have just as much fun playing before working. In a research experiment, led by Ed O'Brien, a professor at the Chicago Booth School of Business, 259 college students were told they had a choice to enjoy a spa treatment (aka reward) either before their midterms or as a destressing experience after taking their tests (aka work). Before the experiment, the students who visited the spa before midterms were predicted to have less enjoyable time due to looming exams. However, they actually enjoyed themselves just as much as those who visited the spa after midterms. This suggests that we may be overworrying and overworking for future rewards that could be just as pleasurable in the present, and that fun is just as fun even if you haven't "earned it."

① Ed O'Brien is a professor at the Chicago Booth School of Business.

② The students could choose to enjoy a spa treatment before or after their midterms.

③ Students who visited the spa before midterms were predicted to enjoy themselves less.

④ The experiment showed that students who relaxed before midterms had significantly lower satisfaction levels.

⑤ The study suggests that people may overwork for rewards that are equally enjoyable in the present.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 발견은 "일하기 전에 보상을 즐겨도 일한 후에 즐기는 것과 동일한 만족감을 얻는다"는 것이다. 특히 실험의 예측과 실제 결과를 구분하여 읽는 것이 핵심이다.

지문은 실제 결과에 대해 "they actually enjoyed themselves just as much as those who visited the spa after midterms"라고 명시한다. 즉, 시험 전에 스파를 방문한 학생들은 시험 후에 방문한 학생들과 "똑같이 즐겼다(just as much)" — 만족도가 낮지 않았다.

따라서 시험 전에 휴식을 취한 학생들의 만족도가 "현저히 낮았다(significantly lower satisfaction levels)"고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 실험의 실제 결과와 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 시험 전에 스파를 방문한 학생들이 시험 후에 방문한 학생들만큼 "똑같이 즐겼다(just as much)"고 서술하는 반면, ④번은 "현저히 낮은 만족도를 보였다(significantly lower satisfaction levels)"고 정반대로 서술했다. ④번은 실험 전 예측(predicted)을 실제 결과(showed)인 것처럼 뒤바꾼 것이다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 28 변형문제는 총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 28(55문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

Sometimes it may be better to have your dessert before dinner. We often think that we will enjoy a leisure activity or vacation as a reward for getting our work done, but it turns out we'll have just as much fun playing before working. In a research experiment, led by Ed O'Brien, a professor at the Chicago Booth School of Business, 259 college students were told they had a choice to enjoy a spa treatment (aka reward) either before their midterms or as a destressing experience after taking their tests (aka work). Before the experiment, the students who visited the spa before midterms were predicted to have less enjoyable time due to looming exams. However, they actually enjoyed themselves just as much as those who visited the spa after midterms. This suggests that we may be overworrying and overworking for future rewards that could be just as pleasurable in the present, and that fun is just as fun even if you haven't "earned it."

2번 지문

Until recently, theorists have argued that literary works are created by incorporating elements from prior works, which are adopted, repeated, challenged, and modified. This notion sometimes goes by the fancy name of "intertextuality." A literary work exists between and among other texts, through its relations to them. To read something as literature is to consider it as a linguistic event that relies on a shared literary background. In one of the lines of Shakespeare's Sonnet 130, 'But no such roses see I in her cheeks,' the speaker takes up the conventions of love poetry, which often compare a beloved to a series of idealized images, such as roses, lilies, and pearls, and challenges them by describing his beloved in realistic, not idealized terms. This subversion of traditional love poetry counts on the reader's familiarity with earlier love poems in order to create meaning.

3번 지문

The obvious role of sugar in ice cream is to sweeten the product. However, sugar also plays a role in determining the textural characteristics of the frozen ice cream, because sugar causes the freezing temperature of the mixture to drop. In fact, a cup of sugar in a quart of an ice cream mixture will decrease the freezing point approximately 2˚F. This means that the ice cream must be chilled below the normal freezing temperature of water if ice crystals are to form. The greater the content of sugar in an ice cream, the lower the freezing point. This delayed freezing temperature helps to keep the size of crystals in the ice cream very small because a reasonable amount of stirring can be done during the freezing process to help break up any ice crystal aggregates as they slowly form.

4번 지문

For those of us who have lived through the invention of the Internet and mobile computing, it feels like digital technology has finally reached a mature phase. But as most tech experts will tell you, we've barely scratched the surface. Every day, tens of thousands of new apps are developed, and smarter, more powerful gadgets are designed to replace what's in our pockets and fill the gaps in our lives that have yet to be digitized. This modern digital world offers much to amuse, amaze, and delight us, enabling us to do things we didn't think possible just five years ago. For example, today we have the option of "hiring" an app as our personal assistant. It can send birthday greetings for us, nudge us when a friend posts troublesome news, and even remind us to dress appropriately tomorrow when it looks like it might rain.

5번 지문

Local goods in India were purchased with durable gold and silver coins, each dated by the image of a Roman emperor. Caches of these coins are still being discovered in south India, offering us a glimpse of trade patterns two thousand years ago. They include gold and silver coins from the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius (27 BC to AD 37), suggesting a vigorous trade in a large volume of goods. After the death of Tiberius, the composition of the Indian coin caches changes. Significant numbers of only gold, but not silver, coins bearing the heads of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero (AD 37-68) are found. According to the historian E. H. Warmington, this absence of silver coins suggests a trade mainly in luxury goods during that period. Few Roman coins of any type are found after the death of Marcus Aurelius in AD 180. When Roman and Han authority finally collapsed around AD 200, trade with the East came to an almost complete standstill.

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Because of associated emotions, our thoughts, even the mildest "slice of life" scenarios projected in our heads, become triggers that can evoke an autopilot response of high anxiety, dread, and the feeling of immediate threat. An emotional punch is just one of the many "special effects" that give such enormous power to the mental scripts we write to make sense of our lives, even when the plot is pure fiction. The poet John Milton made note of it in the seventeenth century: "The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven." While it is true that the mind creates its own universe, we must acknowledge that affirmations and positive thinking alone are not sufficient to tackle all the challenges we face. In fact, simply putting smiley face stickers over our problems can make them worse. Ultimately, we can only choose how we respond to our thoughts, and mindfulness practices can help us avoid getting caught in them. So the question for us now is, who’s in charge ─ the thinker or the thought?

① Our thoughts can trigger automatic responses of high anxiety even in mild everyday scenarios.

② The poet John Milton observed that the mind has the ability to transform its own experience.

③ Positive affirmations and optimistic thinking are effective enough to overcome all life’s challenges.

④ Covering up problems with superficial positivity can actually worsen them.

⑤ The passage concludes by asking whether we control our thoughts or our thoughts control us.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지 중 하나는 "긍정적 사고만으로는 모든 문제를 해결할 수 없다"는 것이다. 지문은 긍정적 확언의 한계를 명확히 밝히며, 피상적 긍정성의 위험까지 경고한다.

지문은 "affirmations and positive thinking alone are not sufficient to tackle all the challenges we face"라고 명시한다. 즉, 긍정적 확언과 긍정적 사고는 모든 도전을 해결하기에 "충분하지 않다(not sufficient)"는 것이다.

따라서 긍정적 확언과 낙관적 사고가 삶의 모든 도전을 극복하기에 "충분히 효과적이다(effective enough to overcome all)"고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ③번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 긍정적 확언과 긍정적 사고가 모든 도전을 해결하기에 "충분하지 않다(not sufficient)"고 서술하는 반면, ③번은 "충분히 효과적이다(effective enough to overcome all)"고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 27  변형문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 27(44문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

Because of associated emotions, our thoughts, even the mildest "slice of life" scenarios projected in our heads, become triggers that can evoke an autopilot response of high anxiety, dread, and the feeling of immediate threat. An emotional punch is just one of the many "special effects" that give such enormous power to the mental scripts we write to make sense of our lives, even when the plot is pure fiction. The poet John Milton made note of it in the seventeenth century: "The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven." While it is true that the mind creates its own universe, we must acknowledge that affirmations and positive thinking alone are not sufficient to tackle all the challenges we face. In fact, simply putting smiley face stickers over our problems can make them worse. Ultimately, we can only choose how we respond to our thoughts, and mindfulness practices can help us avoid getting caught in them. So the question for us now is, who’s in charge ─ the thinker or the thought?

2번 지문

Historians' approaches to the past vary enormously, but some common disciplinary features unite them. There are limits to what historians can study; they can study only parts of the past that left evidence behind and for which evidence has survived. The dominant type of evidence has been documentary: government archives, private papers, newspapers, and published materials have long been the most consulted forms of source. The range has recently broadened, and many historians are now happy to use artefacts, buildings, visual evidence, oral testimony, and many other nonwritten sources. However, regardless of the type of evidence, the point is that without evidence, historians cannot function. So all studies of history are driven by the discovery of evidence from the period being studied, and its analysis and interpretation. Historians aim to describe what happened, explain how and why it happened, and link past events to wider contexts and the passage of time.

3번 지문

Cells are constantly bombarded with signals from their environment, whether they are single-celled organisms or cells in tissues within multicellular organisms. These signals provide information about nutrient and oxygen levels, and other features of the cell’s environment. In multicellular organisms, cells must also coordinate their activities with other cells; hormones, growth factors, and other molecules provide instructions to enable this coordination. For example, pancreatic cells release the hormone insulin in response to high blood sugar, which tells other cells in the body to take up sugar from the blood. Other signals may instruct a cell to divide, move, die, or change function; they are detected in the target cell by specific molecules on the cell surface called receptors. The receptors are specific to each signal and allow each cell to survey its environment. Once receiving a signal, the receptor initiates a cascade of reactions inside the cell, a process known as signal transduction, which leads to the required change in cell behavior.

4번 지문

Do you feel better after taking a walk in the park or watching a beautiful sunset? If so, you may be unknowingly using your own form of "ecotherapy," a type of therapy designed to improve emotional health by reconnecting people with nature and the environment. The field of ecopsychology, which first became popular in the United States in the 1990s, claims that humans are an integral part of the natural world and should not be separated from it. Their emotional health may suffer if they are cut off from nature by urbanization or other aspects of modern life. In addition, this alienation may cause emotional and physical distress. Out of this movement grew ecotherapy, offering strategies to strengthen people’s relationship with nature. For instance, learning to survive alone in the wilderness can build confidence, but even a simple walk outdoors can also be effective. Some therapies involve animals: swimming with dolphins, playing with your pet, or watching a tropical fish tank are all beneficial. Even looking at a picture of an outdoor scene can help. As a result, one UK mental health charity is now proposing that ecotherapy be made more readily available for mental health patients, as it already is in Holland and Norway. So if you’re feeling a bit down, you may not need antidepressants or costly therapy. First, try riding your bike or walking on the beach. These activities will surely be good for your physical health, and may strengthen your spirits, too.