고등영어 자료는 더메이킹스(TheMakings)

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

World history teachers already grasp the fact that they could not hope to cover the history of the world without picking and choosing. Otherwise, they would have to devote perhaps 13 minutes to the history of Malaysia, 7 to Singapore, and 28 to Thailand ─ impossible! But in U.S. history, teachers still feel a compulsion to teach 4,444 twigs rather than a much smaller number of trees and only a handful of forests. Sometimes they feel compelled to do so by statewide "standardized" twig tests. Unfortunately, the more teachers cover, the less kids remember. Fragmenting history into unconnected "facts" practically guarantees that students will not be able to relate many of these terms to their own lives. As a professor who specializes in teaching first-year courses, I can guarantee that by the time they enter college, most students who were taught U.S. history the usual way have forgotten everything ─ except that World War I preceded World War II.

① Without selecting and prioritizing, covering the entire history of the world would be unmanageable for teachers.

② U.S. history teachers tend to focus on teaching numerous minor details rather than broader historical patterns.

③ The author, as a college professor, observes that students forget most of what they learned in U.S. history classes.

④ Even students who were taught U.S. history in a fragmented way can remember most major wars and their causes.

⑤ Breaking history into disconnected facts makes it nearly impossible for students to connect those facts to their lives.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지는 "파편화된 미국사 교육은 학생들이 거의 모든 것을 잊게 만든다"는 것이다. 특히 학생들이 기억하는 것의 범위가 얼마나 빈약한지를 정확히 파악하는 것이 핵심이다. 지문은 학생들의 기억 상태에 대해 "most students... have forgotten everything — except that World War I preceded World War II"라고 서술한다. 즉, 기억하는 것은 "1차 세계대전이 2차 세계대전보다 앞섰다"는 단순한 순서뿐이며, 이는 전쟁의 원인이나 세부 내용이 아닌 극히 기초적인 사실 하나에 불과하다.

따라서 파편화된 방식으로 배운 학생들도 "대부분의 주요 전쟁과 그 원인을 기억할 수 있다(can remember most major wars and their causes)"고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 학생들이 "모든 것을 잊었으며(forgotten everything)" 기억하는 유일한 것은 **"1차 대전이 2차 대전보다 앞섰다"**는 단순한 사실 하나뿐이라고 서술하는 반면, ④번은 **"대부분의 주요 전쟁과 그 원인을 기억할 수 있다(can remember most major wars and their causes)"**고 기억 범위를 크게 과장했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 22  변형문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 22(55문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

It is not only in the realm of identity creation that consumption is of significance. The manner in which particular goods or services are culturally embedded in the individual consumer's social world, for example, may determine how or why they are consumed, and tourism is no exception. Once considered the preserve of the wealthy people, it has become 'democratized' ─ an accepted and, perhaps, expected element of contemporary social life. Moreover, tourism possesses different meanings to different consumers in relation to their personal cultural context; to some, for example, it may represent spiritual refreshment, to others the fulfillment of dreams or fantasies. Equally, tourism may be consumed as a means of experiencing a (temporary) social world with other tourists; it may be purposefully consumed in expectation of shared experiences.

2번 지문

Understanding art involves the establishment of linkages between areas of knowledge to which it is related. For many generations, art educators strove for subject-matter autonomy and wanted to teach art for its own sake in isolation from other subjects constituting the culture. Moreover, art often is taught in isolation from aspects of itself. Students tend to learn studio technical skills, but not the history of the media they are using, the social needs that were met by the invention of these media, or the cultural meanings expressed by the work's symbolic content. They might learn to describe works in terms of their formal elements, but rarely can they explain how these function to contribute to a work's expressive power or how the expressed content reflects the perceived realities that fit its cultural location. They may know about the effect of warm and cool colors from experiences in a painting class, but not recognize how such colors create meanings within works of art by others.

3번 지문

Since the concept of a teddy bear is very obviously not a genetically inherited trait, we can be confident that we are looking at a cultural trait. However, it is a cultural trait that seems to be under the guidance of another, genuinely biological trait: the cues that attract us to babies (high foreheads and small faces). Cute, babylike features are inherently appealing, producing a nurturing response in most humans. Teddy bears that had a more baby-like appearance ─ however slight this may have been initially ─ were thus more popular with customers. Teddy bear manufacturers obviously noticed which bears were selling best and so made more of these and fewer of the less popular models, to maximize their profits. In this way, the selection pressure built up by the customers resulted in the evolution of a more babylike bear by the manufacturers.

4번 지문

The French government utilized skiing as a part of its strategies for regional development in the post-Second World War economic reconstruction. Purpose-built ski resorts, or 'ski factories' as some tourism and recreation researchers labelled them because of their emphasis on the mass accommodation of skiers and construction from glass, concrete, and steel, were built in the late 1950s to aid regional development. The combination of demand from a growing mass leisure class and regional development opportunities has driven similar transformations in many of the world's mountain landscapes for the purpose of recreation and tourism. This development demonstrates how previously unused nature may become a resource offering economic opportunities. This process emphasizes that nature only becomes a resource when a human value is placed upon it, typically through the market, thus acquiring an instrumental value that previously did not exist.

5번 지문

A large group of psychologists and architects conducted two experiments among eight thousand college students at three institutions in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Some of the students lived in high-density towers, some in medium-density apartment blocks, and others in lower-density halls of residence. The researchers began by scattering a series of stamped addressed envelopes inside the buildings, creating the sense that the letters had been lost on the way to the mailbox. When the researchers returned four hours later, they found that 100 percent of the letters in the low-density housing were posted, 87 percent were posted in the mediumdensity blocks, and only 63 percent were posted in the high-density towers. In a different set of apartment blocks that similarly varied in density, the researchers placed boxes asking residents to donate used milk cartons for an art project. Calculating the number of cartons that were used by the residents in the blocks, they found again that high-density dwellers were less helpful. Those in low- and medium-density housing contributed 55 percent of their cartons, whereas the students in high-density housing gave only 37 percent of their cartons.

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Just as people do not stand idly by and let random situations happen to them, so social situations do not let every person enter them. The choice between West Point and Berkeley is only available to students who performed well in high school and on college entrance exams. For many situations, a person needs certain characteristics to enter. The high school freshman who is taller than average may be recruited for basketball training, for example, whereas a friend who is better than average at mathematics and sciences may be recruited for honors classes. And small initial differences between people may get even larger as situations (such as basketball training sessions and honors classes) exaggerate them. At the end of their senior year, the differences between the students are likely to be much greater than they were originally. Thus, situation and person mutually shape and choose one another in a continuing cycle.

① Social situations welcome all individuals regardless of their personal traits or achievements.

② A student's height can be a factor in being selected for basketball training at the high school level.

③ Students who excel in math and science may be guided toward honors classes early on.

④ The gap between students with different starting abilities tends to widen over time through their experiences.

⑤ The relationship between a person and the situations they encounter is characterized by ongoing mutual influence.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지는 "사회적 상황은 모든 사람에게 열려 있지 않으며, 특정 특성을 갖춘 사람만 진입할 수 있다"는 것이다. 지문의 첫 두 문장이 이 원리를 명확히 선언한다.

지문은 "social situations do not let every person enter them"이라고 명시하고, "for many situations, a person needs certain characteristics to enter"라고 부연한다. 즉, 사회적 상황은 개인의 특성에 따라 선택적으로 진입을 허용한다.

따라서 사회적 상황이 개인적 특성이나 성취에 "상관없이 모든 개인을 환영한다(welcome all individuals regardless of)"고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 두 문장이 ①번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 사회적 상황이 "모든 사람의 진입을 허용하지 않으며(do not let every person)" "특정 특성이 필요하다(needs certain characteristics)"고 서술하는 반면, ①번은 개인적 특성이나 성취에 "상관없이 모든 개인을 환영한다(welcome all individuals regardless of)"고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 20 변형문제는 총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 20(55문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

It is not only in the realm of identity creation that consumption is of significance. The manner in which particular goods or services are culturally embedded in the individual consumer's social world, for example, may determine how or why they are consumed, and tourism is no exception. Once considered the preserve of the wealthy people, it has become 'democratized' ─ an accepted and, perhaps, expected element of contemporary social life. Moreover, tourism possesses different meanings to different consumers in relation to their personal cultural context; to some, for example, it may represent spiritual refreshment, to others the fulfillment of dreams or fantasies. Equally, tourism may be consumed as a means of experiencing a (temporary) social world with other tourists; it may be purposefully consumed in expectation of shared experiences.

2번 지문

Understanding art involves the establishment of linkages between areas of knowledge to which it is related. For many generations, art educators strove for subject-matter autonomy and wanted to teach art for its own sake in isolation from other subjects constituting the culture. Moreover, art often is taught in isolation from aspects of itself. Students tend to learn studio technical skills, but not the history of the media they are using, the social needs that were met by the invention of these media, or the cultural meanings expressed by the work's symbolic content. They might learn to describe works in terms of their formal elements, but rarely can they explain how these function to contribute to a work's expressive power or how the expressed content reflects the perceived realities that fit its cultural location. They may know about the effect of warm and cool colors from experiences in a painting class, but not recognize how such colors create meanings within works of art by others.

3번 지문

Since the concept of a teddy bear is very obviously not a genetically inherited trait, we can be confident that we are looking at a cultural trait. However, it is a cultural trait that seems to be under the guidance of another, genuinely biological trait: the cues that attract us to babies (high foreheads and small faces). Cute, babylike features are inherently appealing, producing a nurturing response in most humans. Teddy bears that had a more baby-like appearance ─ however slight this may have been initially ─ were thus more popular with customers. Teddy bear manufacturers obviously noticed which bears were selling best and so made more of these and fewer of the less popular models, to maximize their profits. In this way, the selection pressure built up by the customers resulted in the evolution of a more babylike bear by the manufacturers.

4번 지문

The French government utilized skiing as a part of its strategies for regional development in the post-Second World War economic reconstruction. Purpose-built ski resorts, or 'ski factories' as some tourism and recreation researchers labelled them because of their emphasis on the mass accommodation of skiers and construction from glass, concrete, and steel, were built in the late 1950s to aid regional development. The combination of demand from a growing mass leisure class and regional development opportunities has driven similar transformations in many of the world's mountain landscapes for the purpose of recreation and tourism. This development demonstrates how previously unused nature may become a resource offering economic opportunities. This process emphasizes that nature only becomes a resource when a human value is placed upon it, typically through the market, thus acquiring an instrumental value that previously did not exist.

5번 지문

A large group of psychologists and architects conducted two experiments among eight thousand college students at three institutions in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Some of the students lived in high-density towers, some in medium-density apartment blocks, and others in lower-density halls of residence. The researchers began by scattering a series of stamped addressed envelopes inside the buildings, creating the sense that the letters had been lost on the way to the mailbox. When the researchers returned four hours later, they found that 100 percent of the letters in the low-density housing were posted, 87 percent were posted in the mediumdensity blocks, and only 63 percent were posted in the high-density towers. In a different set of apartment blocks that similarly varied in density, the researchers placed boxes asking residents to donate used milk cartons for an art project. Calculating the number of cartons that were used by the residents in the blocks, they found again that high-density dwellers were less helpful. Those in low- and medium-density housing contributed 55 percent of their cartons, whereas the students in high-density housing gave only 37 percent of their cartons.

학교별 내신 맞춤 학원이 중요한 이유

복정고는 혁신학교 특성상 수행평가 비중이 높고 학생 수가 적어 내신 등급 경쟁이 촘촘합니다. 수시와 정시를 모두 고려하는 균형 잡힌 전략이 필요하며, 복정고 기출 경향을 정확히 파악한 학원을 선택하는 것이 내신 관리의 핵심입니다.

더메이킹스의 전국학원지도에서는 학교별·과목별로 내신 전문 학원을 필터링해서 찾아볼 수 있습니다.

영어 – 위례탐영어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/yoora5603

위례탐영어학원은 위례 신도시에서 고등 영어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 학원입니다. '위례탐(位禮探)'이라는 이름처럼 위례 지역 학생들이 영어의 참된 탐구를 통해 실력을 쌓도록 이끄는 것을 지향합니다.

복정고 영어 내신은 교과서 본문과 학교 프린트를 기반으로 외부 지문 독해력과 서술형 영작 능력에서 등급이 결정됩니다. 혁신학교 특성상 수행평가 비중이 높아 영어 수행평가 대비도 중요합니다. 위례탐영어학원은 복정고 기출 경향에 맞춰 어휘·독해·본문 암기·서술형 영작을 단계별로 집중 훈련하고, 내신 기간에는 복정고 전용 집중 대비 수업을 별도 편성합니다.

수학 – 접속수학학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/connectmath

접속수학학원은 성남 위례 지역에서 고등 수학 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 수학 전문 학원입니다. '접속(接續·Connect)'이라는 이름처럼 수학 개념과 문제, 학생과 실력을 자연스럽게 연결하는 수업을 지향합니다.

복정고 수학 내신은 소규모 학교 특성상 반별 학생 수가 적어 1등급 인원이 매우 적게 형성됩니다. 개념 이해를 바탕으로 한 변형 문제 풀이와 서술형 답안 작성 능력이 핵심입니다. 접속수학학원은 복정고 기출 분석을 바탕으로 개념 심화 훈련, 서술형 채점 기준에 맞는 풀이 작성, 수능 수학 연계 커리큘럼을 체계적으로 제공합니다.

종합/입시 – 서일학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/myungmun_seoil

서일학원은 성남 지역에서 복정고 학생들의 내신과 입시를 통합 관리하는 종합 입시 학원입니다. '서일(瑞日)'이라는 이름처럼 상서롭고 빛나는 날을 향해 나아가는 학생들을 이끄는 것을 지향합니다.

복정고는 혁신학교로 수행평가 비중이 높고 학생 수가 적어 내신 관리가 특히 중요한 학교입니다. 수시 학종을 목표로 하는 학생은 다양한 비교과 활동과 수행평가를 내신과 함께 챙겨야 하고, 정시를 목표로 하는 학생은 수능 실력을 꾸준히 쌓아야 합니다. 서일학원은 복정고 학생들에게 내신 기간별 과목 집중 수업, 수시 학생부 관리, 수능 대비 로드맵 설계, 정시 지원 전략까지 통합 지원합니다.

복정고 내신,

소규모 혁신학교에서 내신을 전략적으로 관리하세요

복정고는 위례 신도시 인접한 성남 수정구의 혁신학교로, 한 반 학생 수가 30명 이하인 소규모 학교입니다. 학생 수가 적은 만큼 내신 상위 등급 인원이 적어 경쟁이 촘촘하며, 수행평가 비중도 높습니다. 복정고 출제 경향을 정확히 파악한 학원을 선택하는 것이 내신 관리의 첫걸음입니다.

더메이킹스에서 복정고 맞춤 학원 목록을 확인해 보세요.

👉 학교별 맞춤 학원 찾기 – 더메이킹스

https://themakings.co.kr/157

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

It is not only in the realm of identity creation that consumption is of significance. The manner in which particular goods or services are culturally embedded in the individual consumer's social world, for example, may determine how or why they are consumed, and tourism is no exception. Once considered the preserve of the wealthy people, it has become 'democratized' ─ an accepted and, perhaps, expected element of contemporary social life. Moreover, tourism possesses different meanings to different consumers in relation to their personal cultural context; to some, for example, it may represent spiritual refreshment, to others the fulfillment of dreams or fantasies. Equally, tourism may be consumed as a means of experiencing a (temporary) social world with other tourists; it may be purposefully consumed in expectation of shared experiences.

① Consumption holds significance beyond its role in constructing personal identities.

② Tourism was once accessible only to wealthy individuals before it became more widely available.

③ Tourism carries varying significance for different consumers depending on their cultural backgrounds.

④ Tourism is exclusively consumed for the purpose of fulfilling individual dreams and personal fantasies.

⑤ Shared experiences with fellow tourists can motivate the purposeful consumption of tourism.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지 중 하나는 관광이 다양한 의미와 목적을 가진다는 것이다. 지문은 관광의 여러 가지 소비 동기를 열거하면서 그 다양성을 강조한다.

지문은 관광의 의미를 "tourism possesses different meanings to different consumers"라고 서술한 뒤, 구체적 예시로 영적 재충전, 꿈이나 환상의 실현, 다른 관광객과의 공유 경험 등을 나열한다. 즉, 꿈과 환상의 실현은 관광의 여러 의미 중 하나일 뿐이다.

따라서 관광이 "오직(exclusively)" 개인적 꿈과 환상의 실현을 위해서만 소비된다고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문이 제시한 다양한 소비 동기를 하나로 축소한 왜곡이다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 관광이 소비자에 따라 "다른 의미(different meanings)"를 가지며, 꿈과 환상의 실현은 그중 하나의 예시에 불과하다고 서술하는 반면, ④번은 관광이 "오직(exclusively)" 꿈과 환상의 실현을 위해서만 소비된다고 서술하여 다양한 동기를 하나로 축소했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 20 변형문제는 총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 20(55문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

It is not only in the realm of identity creation that consumption is of significance. The manner in which particular goods or services are culturally embedded in the individual consumer's social world, for example, may determine how or why they are consumed, and tourism is no exception. Once considered the preserve of the wealthy people, it has become 'democratized' ─ an accepted and, perhaps, expected element of contemporary social life. Moreover, tourism possesses different meanings to different consumers in relation to their personal cultural context; to some, for example, it may represent spiritual refreshment, to others the fulfillment of dreams or fantasies. Equally, tourism may be consumed as a means of experiencing a (temporary) social world with other tourists; it may be purposefully consumed in expectation of shared experiences.

2번 지문

Understanding art involves the establishment of linkages between areas of knowledge to which it is related. For many generations, art educators strove for subject-matter autonomy and wanted to teach art for its own sake in isolation from other subjects constituting the culture. Moreover, art often is taught in isolation from aspects of itself. Students tend to learn studio technical skills, but not the history of the media they are using, the social needs that were met by the invention of these media, or the cultural meanings expressed by the work's symbolic content. They might learn to describe works in terms of their formal elements, but rarely can they explain how these function to contribute to a work's expressive power or how the expressed content reflects the perceived realities that fit its cultural location. They may know about the effect of warm and cool colors from experiences in a painting class, but not recognize how such colors create meanings within works of art by others.

3번 지문

Since the concept of a teddy bear is very obviously not a genetically inherited trait, we can be confident that we are looking at a cultural trait. However, it is a cultural trait that seems to be under the guidance of another, genuinely biological trait: the cues that attract us to babies (high foreheads and small faces). Cute, babylike features are inherently appealing, producing a nurturing response in most humans. Teddy bears that had a more baby-like appearance ─ however slight this may have been initially ─ were thus more popular with customers. Teddy bear manufacturers obviously noticed which bears were selling best and so made more of these and fewer of the less popular models, to maximize their profits. In this way, the selection pressure built up by the customers resulted in the evolution of a more babylike bear by the manufacturers.

4번 지문

The French government utilized skiing as a part of its strategies for regional development in the post-Second World War economic reconstruction. Purpose-built ski resorts, or 'ski factories' as some tourism and recreation researchers labelled them because of their emphasis on the mass accommodation of skiers and construction from glass, concrete, and steel, were built in the late 1950s to aid regional development. The combination of demand from a growing mass leisure class and regional development opportunities has driven similar transformations in many of the world's mountain landscapes for the purpose of recreation and tourism. This development demonstrates how previously unused nature may become a resource offering economic opportunities. This process emphasizes that nature only becomes a resource when a human value is placed upon it, typically through the market, thus acquiring an instrumental value that previously did not exist.

5번 지문

A large group of psychologists and architects conducted two experiments among eight thousand college students at three institutions in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Some of the students lived in high-density towers, some in medium-density apartment blocks, and others in lower-density halls of residence. The researchers began by scattering a series of stamped addressed envelopes inside the buildings, creating the sense that the letters had been lost on the way to the mailbox. When the researchers returned four hours later, they found that 100 percent of the letters in the low-density housing were posted, 87 percent were posted in the mediumdensity blocks, and only 63 percent were posted in the high-density towers. In a different set of apartment blocks that similarly varied in density, the researchers placed boxes asking residents to donate used milk cartons for an art project. Calculating the number of cartons that were used by the residents in the blocks, they found again that high-density dwellers were less helpful. Those in low- and medium-density housing contributed 55 percent of their cartons, whereas the students in high-density housing gave only 37 percent of their cartons.

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 선지를 고르세요.

Businesses that own enterprises and seek to market their goods and services in more than one nation are known as multinational corporations (MNCs). MNCs bring employment opportunities as well as goods and services to people who otherwise would not have them. At the same time, they create major and controversial changes in the natural, economic, social, and political environments. Poorer nations are particularly vulnerable to MNCs, many of which have yearly budgets greater than some of them. For example, in 2014, each of the world's 20 largest MNCs had gross revenues of more than $161 billion, larger than all but about 50 of the 208 countries tracked by the World Bank. The financial power of these corporations enables them to exert enormous influence and makes it extremely difficult for developing nations to regulate them. In addition, like all capitalist corporations, the fundamental goal of MNCs is to return wealth to their shareholders, the vast majority of whom live in wealthy nations. Thus, most MNC profits in poorer nations contribute to the economy of wealthy nations.

① MNCs provide goods, services, and employment opportunities to people who would not otherwise have access to them.

② Multinational corporations create uniformly positive changes in the natural, economic, social, and political environments of host nations.

③ Some of the world's largest MNCs have annual revenues exceeding those of many countries tracked by the World Bank.

④ Developing countries face significant challenges in regulating multinational corporations due to their immense financial power.

⑤ MNCs generate significant yet contentious transformations in various aspects of the environments of host nations.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문은 MNC가 가져오는 변화의 성격을 핵심적으로 다룬다. 특히 이 변화가 긍정적이기만 한지, 아니면 부정적 측면도 포함하는지를 정확히 파악하는 것이 핵심이다.

지문은 MNC가 만들어내는 변화에 대해 "they create major and controversial changes"라고 명시한다. 여기서 "controversial(논란이 되는)"이라는 표현은 이 변화가 긍정적 측면만이 아니라 부정적 측면도 함께 가진 양면적 성격임을 보여준다.

따라서 MNC가 진출국의 환경에 "균일하게 긍정적인(uniformly positive)" 변화를 만들어낸다고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ②번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 MNC가 만들어내는 변화가 "중대하고 논란이 되는(major and controversial)" 것이라고 서술하여 양면적 성격을 밝히는 반면, ②번은 "균일하게 긍정적인(uniformly positive)" 변화라고 서술하여 부정적 측면을 완전히 제거했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 19  변형문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 19(55문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

Businesses that own enterprises and seek to market their goods and services in more than one nation are known as multinational corporations (MNCs). MNCs bring employment opportunities as well as goods and services to people who otherwise would not have them. At the same time, they create major and controversial changes in the natural, economic, social, and political environments. Poorer nations are particularly vulnerable to MNCs, many of which have yearly budgets greater than some of them. For example, in 2014, each of the world's 20 largest MNCs had gross revenues of more than $161 billion, larger than all but about 50 of the 208 countries tracked by the World Bank. The financial power of these corporations enables them to exert enormous influence and makes it extremely difficult for developing nations to regulate them. In addition, like all capitalist corporations, the fundamental goal of MNCs is to return wealth to their shareholders, the vast majority of whom live in wealthy nations. Thus, most MNC profits in poorer nations contribute to the economy of wealthy nations.

2번 지문

Play is often discounted as something for children, because it does not deal with important survival processes, because it is useless. But this is a profound misunderstanding. Play is important because it is useless; because it allows us to act not because of necessity or convenience, but in order to freely express our being. The problem, however, starts again when play becomes a profession ─ with all the external rewards and responsibilities that this entails. Musicians playing for leading symphony orchestras, or athletes playing for multimillion contracts with elite teams, no longer feel that they play to express their being. Instead, they start feeling that their skill is being used by others for their own ends. When that happens, instead of allowing for the free flow of consciousness, even play becomes part of the iron cage.

3번 지문

The idea that "complete competitors cannot coexist" was proposed by the Russian biologist G. F. Gause to explain why mathematical models of species competition always ended with one species disappearing. The competitive exclusion principle, as it is called, states that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche for long. The one that is more efficient in using available resources will exclude the other. However, when two species differentiate their niches, they tend to compete less strongly, and are thus more likely to coexist. We call this process of niche evolution "resource partitioning." Partitioning can allow several species to utilize different parts of the same resource and coexist within a single habitat. Species can specialize in time, too. Swallows and insectivorous bats both catch insects, but some insect species are active during the day and others at night, providing noncompetitive feeding opportunities for day-active swallows and night-active bats.

4번 지문

Obviously, plants are not considered important enough to be classified properly. Even at a regular supermarket, one can see that other food departments have more detailed classifications. The meat department is divided into poultry, fish, and red meat. Nobody would ever classify cheese and meat together in one "sandwich food" department because it would be inconvenient and unclear. Yet, this kind of confusion and error continually occurs in the produce section. Some of these errors are quite serious ─ to such a degree that they could cause health problems. For example, placing starch roots in the same category with tomatoes could prompt customers to make improper food-combination choices, which can create fermentation and gas in our intestines.

5번 지문

Human social life originates with the evolution of parental care and the mother-infant bond. The behavior between mother and infant, and later between father and infant, is the foundation stone for adult bonding, friendliness, and love, all of which are at the heart of social organization. Unfortunately, all mammals, including humans, demonstrate ambivalence about other people. As powerfully wired as we are for social contact, so too are we wired for "xenophobia": the fear of strangers. This fear begins during the second half of the first year of life, and although it is modifiable by culture, it is never totally absent from human social relationships. This inherent conflict is probably what propelled our evolution into relatively small social groups; we needed social bonds, and yet we had to minimize our fear-arousing contact with strangers. Thus, the perfect solution is a fixed, relatively small group of familiar people. Modern urban life, of course, poses serious problems in this regard.

국어 – 깊은샘국어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/kipssam

깊은샘국어학원은 분당 판교 지역에서 고등 국어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 학원입니다. '깊은 샘'이라는 이름처럼 국어 실력이 마르지 않는 깊은 샘처럼 풍부하게 솟아나는 것을 지향합니다.

보평고 국어 내신은 교과서 본문과 외부 지문의 정확한 독해, 서술형 답안 작성 능력이 핵심입니다. 수시 학종에 강한 학교인 만큼 국어 세특 관리도 함께 챙겨야 합니다. 깊은샘국어학원은 보평고 출제 경향에 맞춰 문학·독서(비문학)·문법 전 영역을 체계적으로 지도하고, 서술형 대비와 수능 국어 연계 커리큘럼을 함께 운영합니다.

영어 – 베토영어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/beto_english

베토영어학원은 분당 판교 지역에서 고등 영어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 학원입니다. '베토(BETO)'라는 이름처럼 영어를 완벽하게(Better) 통달(Total)하는 실력을 만드는 것을 지향합니다.

보평고 영어 내신은 교과서 본문과 학교 프린트를 기반으로 외부 지문 독해력과 서술형 영작 능력에서 등급이 결정됩니다. 수시 학종 비중이 높은 학교인 만큼 영어 세특 관리와 수능 영어 절대평가 1등급을 함께 준비하는 것이 중요합니다. 베토영어학원은 보평고 기출 경향에 맞춰 어휘·독해·본문 암기·서술형 영작을 단계별로 집중 훈련하고, 내신 기간에는 보평고 전용 집중 대비 수업을 별도 편성합니다.

수학 – 탁클래스학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/takclass7

탁클래스학원은 분당 판교 지역에서 고등 수학 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 수학 전문 학원입니다. '탁클래스(Tak Class)'라는 이름처럼 탁월한 수준의 수업으로 학생 실력을 끌어올리는 것을 지향합니다.

보평고 수학 내신은 계산이 복잡하고 식이 길어지는 고난도 문항이 다수 출제되는 만큼, 개념 이해뿐만 아니라 빠르고 정확한 계산 능력과 서술형 풀이 작성 능력이 핵심입니다. 소규모 학교 특성상 1등급이 9명에 불과해 이과 상위권 경쟁이 특히 치열합니다. 탁클래스학원은 보평고 기출 분석을 바탕으로 개념 심화 훈련, 계산 속도·정확도 향상, 서술형 채점 기준에 맞는 풀이 작성, 수능 수학 연계 커리큘럼을 체계적으로 제공합니다.

과학 – 분당펜타스과학학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/bdpentas

분당펜타스과학학원은 분당에서 고등 과학 내신과 수능 과탐을 전문으로 지도하는 과학 전문 학원입니다. '펜타스(Pentas)'는 5개의 꽃잎을 가진 식물에서 따온 이름으로, 물리·화학·생명과학·지구과학·과학탐구 다섯 영역을 모두 아우르는 전문 과학 교육을 지향합니다.

보평고는 과학중점학교로 과학 과목의 비중과 수준이 높습니다. 이공계 진학을 목표로 하는 학생들이 많아 물리·화학·생명과학 심화 탐구 활동과 과학 세특 관리까지 함께 챙겨야 합니다. 분당펜타스과학학원은 단원별 핵심 개념 정리부터 보평고 기출 분석, 서술형·탐구 대비, 수능 과탐 연계까지 내실 있는 커리큘럼으로 진행합니다.

종합/입시 – 한림원

블로그: blog.naver.com/mj052375

한림원은 분당 판교 지역에서 보평고 학생들의 내신과 입시를 통합 관리하는 종합 입시 학원입니다. '한림원(翰林院)'은 뛰어난 학자들이 모이는 왕실 학문 기관의 이름에서 따온 것으로, 최고의 인재를 키우는 학문적 깊이를 추구하는 것을 지향합니다.

보평고는 수시 학종에 강한 학교인 만큼 1학년부터 내신 등급을 철저히 관리하고, 과학중점 비교과 활동을 세특에 잘 녹이는 전략이 핵심입니다. 한림원은 보평고 학생들에게 내신 기간별 과목 집중 수업, 수시 학생부(과학중점 세특 포함) 관리, 수능 대비 로드맵 설계, 정시 지원 전략까지 통합 지원합니다.

보평고 내신,

1학년부터 내신 잡아야 수시가 보입니다

보평고는 동판교의 과학중점 공립 남녀공학으로, 수시 학종 경쟁력이 강한 학교입니다. 소규모 학교 특성상 1등급 인원이 적어 이과 내신 경쟁이 특히 치열하므로, 1학년 첫 내신부터 전략적으로 준비하는 것이 수시 합격의 핵심입니다. 보평고 출제 경향을 정확히 파악한 학원을 선택하는 것이 그 첫걸음입니다.

더메이킹스에서 보평고 맞춤 학원 목록을 확인해 보세요.

👉 학교별 맞춤 학원 찾기 – 더메이킹스

https://themakings.co.kr/157

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Change by alternatives is supposed to be the method that works in any democracy. The opposition party puts forward an alternative policy to the governing party and if the electorate prefer the alternative they vote in the opposition at the next electoral opportunity. But, for a variety of reasons, it does not quite work that way. Any party in opposition knows that to get back into power it must not only hold its own supporters but also capture some of the floating voters or other party voters. So the alternatives get less and less different and in the end no true alternative is offered. Furthermore in a complex world the same experts make the economic analyses and so the proposed policies end up by being quite similar. In most democratic countries today it is quite hard to see the real differences in the policies offered by the opposing parties. The similarity will probably get greater as it becomes less possible to undo policies set in motion by previous governments. It is only in countries like the UK where the parties have a historical class base that differences of policy can exist.

① The opposition party proposes an alternative policy, and the electorate may vote for it at the next election if they prefer it.

② Parties in opposition try to appeal to floating voters as well as keeping their existing supporters in order to regain power.

③ Because each party employs its own independent analysts, the economic policies they propose tend to diverge significantly over time.

④ In most democracies today, it is very difficult to identify genuine policy differences between competing political parties.

⑤ Policy differences can still be found in nations where political parties are rooted in distinct class traditions, as in the UK.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지는 "민주주의에서 야당과 여당의 정책이 점점 유사해진다"는 것이다. 특히 정책이 유사해지는 원인 중 하나로 경제 분석을 담당하는 전문가의 동일성을 제시하는 부분을 정확히 파악하는 것이 핵심이다.

지문은 "in a complex world the same experts make the economic analyses and so the proposed policies end up by being quite similar"라고 명시한다. 즉, "같은 전문가들(the same experts)"이 분석을 하기 때문에 정책이 "상당히 유사해진다(quite similar)"는 것이다.

따라서 각 정당이 "자체적으로 독립적인 분석가(its own independent analysts)"를 고용하기 때문에 정책이 시간이 지나면서 "크게 달라지는 경향이 있다(tend to diverge significantly)"고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 전문가의 동일성과 정책의 수렴이라는 지문의 논지를 두 가지 모두 정반대로 뒤집은 것이다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ③번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 "같은 전문가들(the same experts)"이 분석을 하기 때문에 정책이 "상당히 유사해진다(quite similar)"고 서술하는 반면, ③번은 각 정당이 "자체 독립적 분석가(its own independent analysts)"를 고용하여 정책이 "크게 달라진다(diverge significantly)"고 전문가의 동일성과 정책의 수렴 방향 모두를 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 수능실감 영어 독해 10문항 모의고사 500제 20회 변형문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 10문항 모의고사 500제의

20회(110문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

Change by alternatives is supposed to be the method that works in any democracy. The opposition party puts forward an alternative policy to the governing party and if the electorate prefer the alternative they vote in the opposition at the next electoral opportunity. But, for a variety of reasons, it does not quite work that way. Any party in opposition knows that to get back into power it must not only hold its own supporters but also capture some of the floating voters or other party voters. So the alternatives get less and less different and in the end no true alternative is offered. Furthermore in a complex world the same experts make the economic analyses and so the proposed policies end up by being quite similar. In most democratic countries today it is quite hard to see the real differences in the policies offered by the opposing parties. The similarity will probably get greater as it becomes less possible to undo policies set in motion by previous governments. It is only in countries like the UK where the parties have a historical class base that differences of policy can exist.

2번 지문

One aspect of diversity in psychology lies in the wide range of people that psychologists study and serve. This is significant because most psychologists once assumed that all people were very much alike and that whatever principles emerged from research or treatment efforts with one group would apply to everyone, everywhere. They were partly right, because people around the world are alike in many ways. They tend to live in groups, have religious beliefs and create rules, music, dances, and games. The principles of nerve cell activity or reactions to heat or a sour taste are the same in men and women everywhere, as is their recognition of a smile. However, not all people's moral values, achievement motivation or communication styles are the same. These and many other aspects of behaviour and mental processes are affected by sociocultural factors, including people's gender, ethnicity, social class, and the culture in which they grow up. These variables create many significant differences in behaviour and mental processes, especially from one culture to another.

3번 지문

If you happen to have a parole hearing coming up, make sure it's first thing in the morning or right after lunchtime. According to a study, judges on parole boards tend to grant parole more often when they are most refreshed. Investigating a large set of parole rulings in Israel, the researchers found that parole boards were more likely to grant parole during their first cases of the day and just after their lunch breaks. Why? The usual decision of parole boards is not to grant parole. But it seems that when the judges felt rested, which was first thing in the morning or after just having eaten and taken a break, they had an increased ability to ignore their standard decision, make a more effortful decision, and grant parole. But over the many difficult decisions of the day, as their cognitive burden was escalating, they opted for the simpler choice of not granting parole.

4번 지문

Without universality there could be no science of any kind. An individual is only itself and cannot explain anything else. It cannot even explain itself! Even though a medical doctor applies her general knowledge to a particular patient, she must know what is common to all possible cases of the same type. Imagine she spent four years in her medical school studying one and only one patient. She would be fine if the only patient she ever had to treat were that one case. But imagine what would happen as soon as a different patient walked into her office. She would be totally helpless in dealing with the new body and would either have to give up her practice or return to medical school to learn about other cases.

5번 지문

Color defines our world and our emotions. It is usually seen before imagery. Our eyes are attracted to color to such an extent that the color of an object is perceived before the details imparted by its shapes and lines. At first glance, we do not see the different species of trees present in a summer woodland, but rather see the preponderance of green. The artist, architect, and designer, however, are generally concerned with having color and imagery perceived simultaneously. Upon entering a room, we first see the color or colors used in the interior design and then discern the furnishings and artifacts contained within the space. An artwork, be it fine or commercial, is aesthetically pleasing to the viewer when its color usage allows the viewer to see the content of the piece (both color and imagery) together. When this is accomplished, a work's message is conveyed immediately, without a "second look" on the part of the viewer.

6번 지문

Richard Dufour believed that principals should lead through shared vision and collective commitments rather than through rules and authority. Contracts are necessary, but results are more important. As a principal, don't become too obsessed with enforcing every policy and rule. If teachers, staff, and principals followed the contract to the letter, we might have trouble getting much accomplished. For example, letting employees leave a few minutes early on an occasional Friday after an evening program the night before helps to build a positive relationship with staff. It sends a message to employees that you appreciate their participation the night before and will let them leave after the students are gone for the day. Most employees are already doing more than what the contract demands. Principals need to be aware and occasionally reciprocate in return. In short, effective leaders should be able to respond with flexibility to any particular situation.

7번 지문

The quality of entertainment is often measured by an audience to the degree that it invokes an emotional response among that audience ─ this leads to opinion. The degree to which we are emotionally affected by entertainment typically influences our opinion of how good or bad we think it is. If after watching a stand-up comedian a member of the audience stated 'that was really funny', it would suggest that the person thought the comedian was good, which contains a suggestion of recommendation. By watching a show that is 'labelled' a comedy, this person expected to feel positive emotions, including happiness, amusement, and joy. These emotions are then physically transformed by the audience into laughter and applause; a comedian that doesn't invoke an emotional response among the audience that results in laughter and applause is usually considered as being 'not funny' and therefore a 'poor' comedian ─ or low quality entertainment in the opinion of that audience.

8번 지문

According to Greek mythology, the Oracle at Delphi was consulted to gauge the risk of waging a war. In modern times, the term Delphi refers to a group survey technique for combining the opinions of several people to develop a collective judgment. The technique comprises a series of structured questions and feedback reports. Each respondent is given a series of questions (e.g., what are the five most significant risks in this project?), to which he writes his opinions and reasons. The opinions of everyone surveyed are summarized in a report and returned to the respondents, who then have the opportunity to modify their opinions. Because the written responses are kept anonymous, no one feels pressured to conform to anyone else's opinion. If people change their opinions, they must explain the reasons why; if they don't, they must also explain why. The process continues until the group reaches a collective opinion. Studies have proven the technique to be an effective way of reaching consensus.

9번 지문

Why did mass extinctions not occur in the plant kingdom? The answer to this question reveals something about the versatility of plants and why they are so successful. Most animal species are very mobile, and if their habitat becomes less suitable for survival, they can simply move to a new region. However, if the changes are far-reaching, it may not be within the organism's capacity to move beyond the stressed habitat and death or extinction is likely. These major extinction events are all likely to have been global disasters resulting in major changes in the world's climate; therefore, escape would have been impossible. Plants, however, have always had to tolerate the inconvenience of not being able to move; therefore they have evolved to be adaptable to survive local disasters. These survival mechanisms appear to have been so effective that even after global disasters plants appear to have bounced back very rapidly.

10번 지문

For an intriguing field experiment, two Swedish economists visited a regional blood center in Gothenburg and found 153 women who were interested in giving blood. Then researchers divided the women into three groups. Experimenters told those in the first group that they wouldn't receive a payment. The experimenters offered the second group a different arrangement. If these participants gave blood, they'd each receive 50 Swedish kronor (about $7). The third group received a variation on that second offer: a 50-kronor payment with an immediate option to donate the amount to a children's cancer charity. Of the first group, 52 percent of the women decided to donate blood. And the second group? In this group, only 30 percent of the women decided to give blood. Meanwhile, the third group which had the option of donating the fee directly to charity responded much the same as the first group. Fifty-three percent became blood donors. Doing good is what blood donation is all about. It provides a feeling that the American Red Cross brochures say money can't buy. That's why unpaid volunteers invariably increase during natural disasters and other calamities.

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Technology in the modern world displays the character of a necessary, almost deterministic force. Technological developments create technological problems which require further technological responses ad infinitum. There has been a qualitative shift from earlier eras in which specific tools and techniques were developed through the freely chosen creativity of human beings to meet specific, limited objectives. Technology now obeys its inner logic of development as rigorously as we used to think that nature obeyed its own laws. "If it can be done, it will be done; indeed, it must be done." Technology carries its own imperative to further development. At this point technology is no longer a simple servant of humankind but its master. This apparent inevitability of technological expansion must be challenged. We must assert our freedom and learn to say "no" once in a while.

① Technology in the modern world functions as a nearly deterministic force that drives its own continued development.

② Technological problems inevitably arise from technological developments, creating an endless cycle of responses.

③ The inner logic of technology now governs its development with the same strictness once attributed to natural laws.

④ The inevitability of technological expansion should be accepted as a natural consequence of human progress.

⑤ Earlier eras saw tools and techniques developed through human creativity to fulfill specific and limited goals.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지는 "기술 팽창의 필연성이라는 착각에 저항해야 한다"는 것이다. 특히 마지막 두 문장이 저자의 최종 입장을 명확히 밝힌다.

지문은 "This apparent inevitability of technological expansion must be challenged"라고 서술한다. 즉, 기술 팽창의 필연성은 "도전받아야 한다(must be challenged)" — 수용해야 하는 것이 아니라 거부해야 하는 것이다. 이어서 "우리는 자유를 주장하고 가끔은 '아니오'라고 말하는 법을 배워야 한다"고 덧붙인다.

따라서 기술 팽창의 필연성이 인간 진보의 자연스러운 결과로 "수용되어야 한다(should be accepted)"고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 두 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 기술 팽창의 필연성이 "도전받아야 한다(must be challenged)"고 하며 "아니오라고 말하는 법을 배워야 한다"고 서술하는 반면, ④번은 이를 인간 진보의 자연스러운 결과로 "수용되어야 한다(should be accepted)"고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 수능실감 영어 독해 10문항 모의고사 500제

19회 변형문제는 총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 10문항 모의고사 500제의

19회(99문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

Technology in the modern world displays the character of a necessary, almost deterministic force. Technological developments create technological problems which require further technological responses ad infinitum. There has been a qualitative shift from earlier eras in which specific tools and techniques were developed through the freely chosen creativity of human beings to meet specific, limited objectives. Technology now obeys its inner logic of development as rigorously as we used to think that nature obeyed its own laws. "If it can be done, it will be done; indeed, it must be done." Technology carries its own imperative to further development. At this point technology is no longer a simple servant of humankind but its master. This apparent inevitability of technological expansion must be challenged. We must assert our freedom and learn to say "no" once in a while.

2번 지문

It seems like there are authors who come out of nowhere, make millions of dollars from the book and ride off into the sunset of legends. It's tempting to think all it takes is an idea and a bit of effort. Very tempting indeed. But writing a book takes time ─ months, sometimes years ─ and chances are the first book that you publish won't be the first book you ever write. It takes time to perfect your craft, to learn the ins and outs of writing, to develop your writing style and learn how to write a solid plot and then learn the proper way to market it all when you've finished. J.K. Rowling spent years planning out and writing Harry Potter and received dozens of rejections before getting published. Amanda Hocking also spent years building her craft and trying to get published before making it big in the self-publishing world. The list goes on. Don't believe the biggest writing myth.

3번 지문

Mathematics as taught in school is perceived by most secondary school students as a subject lacking history. The teacher becomes the source of all that has to be learned on the subject, and his task is to convey that knowledge to the student. Usually in the instructional process, the understanding of the process of mathematical creation and of the age-old grappling with mathematical problems is completely lost. Mathematics to most students is a closed subject, located in the mind of the teacher who decides whether answers are correct or not. This situation is particularly harmful to mathematics teaching, more than to teaching in most of the other sciences. Mathematics is by nature an accumulative subject; most of what was created millennia ago ─ both content and processes ─ is still valid today. Exposing students to some of this development has the potential to make the subject fun and to humanize it for them.

4번 지문

The 2008 winners of the annual awards for sustainable tourism all demonstrate that the best practice in tourism is far-reaching, and extends beyond what was once understood to constitute tourism ― mainly just planes, hotels, and beaches. As an example, the winner of the poverty reduction award was an initiative in which both local farmers and tourists benefit. The hoteliers in this award-winning nation have traditionally imported much of their food while ignoring local farmers whose produce was going to waste. Now, 1,000 farmers, most of whom are women, have been helped to supply local hotels. At the same time, the country's travel foundation, one of the funding organizations, and the initiative have launched their own farmyard ― to demonstrate best practice and to become a tourist attraction on its own merits. Taking tourists to the farmyard, for example, is one way in which they can see how their contribution to sustainability is working.

5번 지문

Language is often period specific, and historians must be extremely cautious not to read modern definitions into past times and thereby corrupt meaning. Words may have had a specific meaning or use in the past that is far different from current usage. Further, just as modern English has its own jargon and idioms, they were also present in the past. For example, the historical use of the word icon would have religious connotations, while in the twenty-first century the word would often be associated with a clickable image on a computer's desktop. Having the Oxford English Dictionary or another etymological dictionary close at hand for reference will help researchers avoid this form of potential misinterpretation. This is especially important because of the instability and sometimes open-ended meaning which words may convey. In order for historians to extract precise meaning from language effectively, it is essential that they have a clear idea of how these words functioned in the context of their time.

6번 지문

It's tempting to reserve the "giver" label for larger-than-life heroes such as Mother Teresa or Mahatma Gandhi, but being a giver doesn't require extraordinary acts of sacrifice. It just involves a focus on acting in the interests of others, such as by giving help, providing mentoring, sharing credit, or making connections for others. Outside the workplace, this type of behavior is quite common. According to research led by Yale psychologist Margaret Clark, most people act like givers in close relationships. In marriages and friendships, we contribute whenever we can without keeping score. But in the workplace, give and take becomes more complicated. Professionally, people strive to preserve an equal balance of giving and getting. When they help others, they protect themselves by seeking reciprocity. They operate on the principle of fairness, and their relationships are governed by even exchanges of favors.

7번 지문

Did you know that a plant knows when it is being eaten? Well, as recent research reveals, it does, but it doesn't just sit there and accept its fate. It deploys troops to defend itself, in an effort to stop the predator. In this case, the research subject was a plant called thale cress(Arabidopsis thaliana), a member of the cabbage family. Thale cress was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, so researchers have a better understanding of its inner workings than of most other plants. To find out if the plant was aware of being eaten, the scientists recreated the vibrations that a caterpillar makes as it eats the leaves of the subject. They also recorded other vibrations that the plant might experience, such as that of wind blowing. Sure enough, the cress responded to the vibrations that mimic a munching caterpillar by upping its production of mildly toxic mustard oils and delivering them to the leaves to deter predators. The plant showed no response to wind or other vibrations.

8번 지문

Trade books can provide the space to bring a subject to life with interesting observations and details, presenting the reader with a richer understanding of the topic. Because textbooks must cover such a large number of topics, they are unable to develop a single idea with any depth. Therefore, textbooks offer a broad and consequently shallower view of subjects that does not allow for the kind of compelling presentation available in trade books. For example, one passage in the textbook simply mentions that asteroids can hit the Earth. The trade book, however, chronicles the event of an asteroid's entry into atmosphere, its collision with the planet, and the blasting of a crater 25 miles deep and 100 miles across. It describes in fascinating detail the vaporization at the impact point, the earthquakes, the fires, and the debris that caused a worldwide period of intense heat followed by darkness and freezing temperatures. It is difficult to provide readers this kind of detail and insight in the limited space allowed by a textbook.

9번 지문

The potatoes we planted are descended from wild ancestors growing on the Andean plateau. The Incas figured out how to grow impressive yields of potatoes under the most unlikely conditions, developing an approach that is still in use in parts of the Andes today. A more or less vertical habitat presents special challenges to both plants and their cultivators, because the microclimate changes dramatically with every change in altitude or orientation to the sun and wind. No monoculture could succeed under such circumstances, so the Incas developed a method of farming that is monoculture's exact opposite. Instead of betting the farm on a single plant variety, the Andean farmer, then as now, made a great many bets, at least one for every ecological niche. To Western eyes, the resulting farms look chaotic; the plots are discontinuous, offering none of the familiar satisfactions of an explicitly ordered landscape. Yet the Andean potato farm represented an intricate ordering of nature that, unlike Versailles in 1999, say, or Ireland in 1845, can withstand virtually anything nature is apt to throw at it. Since the margins and surroundings of the Andean farm were populated by wild potatoes, the farmer's cultivated varieties regularly naturally crossed with their wild relatives, which refreshed the gene pool and produced new hybrids. Whenever one of these new potatoes proves its worth ─ surviving a drought or storm, say, or winning praise at the dinner table ─ it is promoted from the margins to the fields and, in time, to the neighbors' fields as well. Artificial selection is thus a continual local process, each new potato the product of an ongoing back-and-forth between the land and its cultivators, mediated by the universe of all possible potatoes: the species' genome. The genetic diversity cultivated by the Incas and their descendants is an extraordinary cultural achievement and a gift of incalculable value to the rest of the world.