더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 10문항 모의고사 500제의
2회(110문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.
1번 지문
Socrates said, "dura lex, sed lex," which means the law is harsh, but it is the law. However, obeying the law is not always the right thing to do. In history, there have been many people who refused to follow unjust laws. Two remarkable examples are Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Both of these men believed that the laws of their time were not fair. Mahatma Gandhi was against the British rule of India; he believed that Indians should control their own country. Martin Luther King was against the laws that discriminated against black people in the United States. Both of these men broke the law because they wanted to change the system they felt was wrong. Consequently, they made big differences in the history of human rights.
2번 지문
It is commonly argued that the very act of memorizing can ensure a more complete knowledge of and intimate connection with the music. Furthermore, memorization can enable use of direct eye contact with an audience (and gaze, in other ways, for expressive purposes) that is more convincing than when referring to the score. Those who "possess" the music in this way often convey the impression that they are spontaneously and sincerely communicating from the heart, and indeed, contemporary evidence suggests that musicians who achieve this are better able to engage their audiences. Moreover, when performers receive and react to visual feedback from the audience, a performance can become truly interactive, involving true communication between all involved.
3번 지문
Clearly, danced rituals did not seem like a waste of energy to prehistoric peoples. They took the time to fashion masks and costumes; they joyfully burned calories in the execution of the dance; they preferred to record these scenes over any other group activity. Thus anthropologist Victor Turner's attribution of danced ritual to an occasional, marginal, or liminal status seems especially unjustified in the prehistoric case ─ and more representative of the production-oriented mentality of our own industrial age than of prehistoric priorities. Surely these people knew hardship and were often threatened by food shortages, disease, and wild animals. But ritual, of a danced and possibly ecstatic nature, was central to their lives. Perhaps only because our own lives, so much easier in many ways, are also so constrained by the modern imperative to work, we have to wonder why.
4번 지문
According to popular wisdom, work is a burden people must endure out of necessity, even as they long for weekends and holidays. Yet when Americans were asked in the early 1980s whether they would retire from work if they could, about 80 percent said they would not. In fact, human beings are programmed twice to be dependent on being productive: once by the genes and then by the pressure of social expectations. Already in the first year of life, infants display joy in causing events, as when turning on a tap or playing with a ball. Children in a reasonably stimulating and structured environment learn to enjoy concentrated effort. Indeed, our species would not have survived if most of us had not developed a taste for work. And, of course, human communities reinforce this tendency by shaming and turning away from those who do not contribute to the common good.
5번 지문
What we want to do is to cooperate with people who we believe would cooperate with us. People who cooperated with us in a previous interaction are likely to do it the next time. So it would be very helpful if we've already had some interaction with people we meet, so we can recognize them as probable cooperators or defectors. In a small town, people tend to interact with the same people again and again, and to recognize who can be counted on to cooperate and who can't. That's why people in small towns tend to be nicer. But in larger cities, we interact with lots of people we have never interacted with before, so we can't tell whether they're cooperators or defectors. Maybe it's too great of a risk to cooperate with someone who might defect on you. That's why there's more nastiness in larger cities.
6번 지문
Tourism is an important mediator in the development of fusion cuisine, because the mixing of different culinary traditions is often stimulated by people who travel to produce or consume food. This process of mobile food appreciation has been going on for centuries, as has been shown in the analysis of the development of the historical food trade that linked different countries. However, the development of fusion foods can hinder the development of native-cuisine experiences. Tourists very often demand food which is "traditional" or "authentic," and yet many tourists are also averse to trying new and unfamiliar foods. One impulse for the development of fusion cuisine in Asia has been the desire to produce food which is more familiar and therefore appetizing to foreign visitors. The flip side is that "rootless" cuisine may also come to be seen as "inauthentic" by visitors searching for unique and original culinary experiences.
7번 지문
A plant-based diet lets the Earth breathe easier. The cultivation of crops for direct human consumption is far more efficient than using grains or beans to raise farm animals. Only a small fraction of the nutrients that cattle or other animals take in are left in their muscles. The rest are used up to power their movements, metabolism, body warmth, and other life functions. A few decades ago, Scientific American reported that producing a pound of bacon requires ten times as much crop land (in the form of feed grains) as is needed to produce the same quantity of artificial bacon from soybeans. The cultivation of those feed crops requires land, water, and pesticides and other chemicals that worsen our environmental problems.
8번 지문
The impacts of tourism on the environment are evident to scientists, but not all residents attribute environmental damage to tourism. Residents commonly have positive views on the economic and some sociocultural influences of tourism on quality of life, but their reactions to environmental impacts are mixed. Some residents feel tourism provides more parks and recreation areas, improves the quality of the roads and public facilities, and does not contribute to ecological decline. Many do not blame tourism for traffic problems, overcrowded outdoor recreation, or the disturbance of peace and tranquility of parks. Alternatively, some residents express concern that tourists overcrowd the local fishing, hunting, and other recreation areas or may cause traffic and pedestrian congestion. Some studies suggest that this divide in residents' feelings about tourism's relationship to environmental damage is related to the type of tourism, the extent to which residents feel the natural environment needs to be protected, and the distance residents live from the tourist attractions.
9번 지문
Do children do better at school if reinforced by gold stars, prizes or even monetary rewards? Reinforcement theory says that giving rewards leads to repetition of the behavior rewarded and punishment reduces repetition. Given that most children love candy, reinforcement theory says that if you give candy to a child who has sat quietly in his or her chair for five minutes, that child will quickly learn to sit quietly all the time. Against the major principles of reinforcement, some behavioral scientists argue that the more you reinforce a person for doing a certain thing, the faster that person will lose interest in the very thing that they are being rewarded for. That is, getting a reward reduces the fun of the activity. Some studies have shown that if you reward children for sensible behavior, they tend to see the behavior as a "special-occasion" thing rather than something to make a habit of. Therefore they are less likely to change in the long term than those not rewarded.
10번 지문
Occasionally, governments explicitly discriminate against foreign companies in favor of domestic companies. For instance, in 2005 the government of Argentina (successfully) stimulated consumers to boycott Shell after the company had raised the oil price. In many countries, more subtle 'buy national' campaigns are still implemented in which consuming products from home companies is favored over 'foreign' products. However, with the increasing foreign content of domestic products, and increasingly ambiguous ownership structures of leading companies, the distinction between 'foreign' and 'domestic' has become increasingly challenged. In addition, national and local host governments have good reasons to attract (or retain) large foreign multinational enterprises. International companies affect the macro-economic policies of individual countries particularly through their (potentially) positive impact on trade and investment flows, competition, technology transfer and tax income. In consequence, governments prefer to use incentives rather than sanctions, and non-discrimination principles rather than discriminatory practices in their policies towards multinational enterprises.
