고등영어 자료는 더메이킹스(TheMakings)

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Some people argue that since the brain hemispheres do have certain proclivities towards creativity versus logic, people should target their learning to cater to these differences. For example, right-brain people are supposed to be more creative, free-minded, and carefree, while left-brain people are supposed to be more logical, analytical, and deliberate. It can certainly be a plausible story to buy into, but it's not as if you learn with just one side and that side should be appealed to exclusively. Both brain hemispheres are involved in almost every single mental process, and studies have demonstrated that people do not have dominant hemispheres whatsoever. What does this mean for you? Just because you're more artistic or more analytical doesn't mean that you should ignore the other parts of life! You can be equally as good at those parts, if not better, so don't let the idea of the dominant hemisphere prevent you from exploring other areas.

① Some people claim that learning should be tailored to the different tendencies of the brain hemispheres toward creativity and logic.

② Right-brain people tend to be more logical and methodical, while left-brain people tend to be more creative and spontaneous.

③ It may be a convincing idea that each hemisphere has its own strengths, but learning does not rely on just one side of the brain.

④ Research has shown that both hemispheres participate in nearly all mental processes, disproving the notion of a dominant hemisphere.

⑤ Being more artistic or analytical does not mean one should neglect other aspects of life, and exploring diverse areas is encouraged.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문은 좌뇌/우뇌 이론을 소개하면서 각 반구에 전통적으로 부여되는 특성을 나열한다. 이 특성이 어느 반구에 귀속되는지를 정확히 파악하는 것이 핵심이다.

지문은 ”right-brain people are supposed to be more creative, free-minded, and carefree, while left-brain people are supposed to be more logical, analytical, and deliberate”라고 명시한다. 즉, 우뇌형 = 창의적·자유로운·태평한, 좌뇌형 = 논리적·분석적·신중한이다.

따라서 우뇌형이 ”더 논리적이고 체계적(more logical and methodical)”이고 좌뇌형이 ”더 창의적이고 자발적(more creative and spontaneous)”이라고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 양쪽 반구의 특성을 완전히 뒤바꾼 것이다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ②번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 우뇌형이 ”창의적(creative)”이고 좌뇌형이 ”논리적(logical)”이라고 서술하는 반면, ②번은 우뇌형이 ”논리적이고 체계적(logical and methodical)”이고 좌뇌형이 ”창의적이고 자발적(creative and spontaneous)”이라고 양쪽 반구에 귀속되는 특성을 완전히 뒤바꿔 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 31  변형문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 31(55문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

Some people argue that since the brain hemispheres do have certain proclivities towards creativity versus logic, people should target their learning to cater to these differences. For example, right-brain people are supposed to be more creative, free-minded, and carefree, while left-brain people are supposed to be more logical, analytical, and deliberate. It can certainly be a plausible story to buy into, but it's not as if you learn with just one side and that side should be appealed to exclusively. Both brain hemispheres are involved in almost every single mental process, and studies have demonstrated that people do not have dominant hemispheres whatsoever. What does this mean for you? Just because you're more artistic or more analytical doesn't mean that you should ignore the other parts of life! You can be equally as good at those parts, if not better, so don't let the idea of the dominant hemisphere prevent you from exploring other areas.

2번 지문

We often think we slow down and stop during athletic training because we run out of physiological energy ─ that it is the strength of our muscles or the oxygen in our blood that caps our maximum expenditure. Yet research finds that when individuals feel they've reached their physical limits, they actually have the capacity to go on for much longer. It isn't your body that shuts things down, it's your mind. The brain exercises a miserly control over the body's life-sustaining resources; it monitors the environment within and without, and when it feels there's a risk of your getting too fatigued and run-down, it puts the brakes on your efforts, throwing the switch far from the actual point at which you would become dangerously exhausted. But, when an unusual necessity compels you beyond this premature barrier ─ such as the pressures of competition ─ a surprising thing occurs: The power of the brain relents, allowing you to experience a second wind.

3번 지문

Harvard psychologist Felix Warneken had adults show elementary-aged children two pictures they drew ─ one pretty good, one terrible. If the adult didn't show any particular pride in the picture, the kids were truthful in saying whether it was good or bad. If the grown-up acted sad about being a bad artist, most of the kids would rush to reassure her that it wasn't too awful. In other words, they told a white lie; the older they were, the more likely the kids were to say a bad drawing was good. There were no negative consequences for telling the truth to these bad artists; the kids just wanted these strangers to feel better about themselves. In other words, says Warneken, it's a feeling of empathic connection that drives children to tell white lies. In fact, children are trying to resolve two conflicting norms ─ honesty vs. kindness ─ and by about age seven, his studies suggest, they start consistently coming down on the side of kindness.

4번 지문

The electromagnetic force works between any two things that have electric charge. The more the charge, the stronger the force. And, like gravity, the force depends on the separation between the objects. The further they are apart, the weaker the force. But unlike gravity, electromagnetism can be both attractive and repulsive; it can pull things together and push them apart. Opposite charges, one positive the other negative, attract. Like charges, both positive or both negative, repel. This means that a composite object that has an equal amount of positive and negative charge will push and pull in equal amounts and consequently experience and exert no electromagnetic force at all. This balance, the result of charge neutrality, can never happen with gravity. There being no negative mass, there is no possibility of a mass-neutral object. You can't neutralize gravity as you can the electromagnetic force.

5번 지문

At Purdue University Library, a librarian goes about her business, checking out people's books. She is playing a role in an experiment in unnoticeable physical contact, and knows that half the time she is to do nothing special, the other half to touch students as lightly as possible. She brushes a student's hand gently as she returns a library card. Then the student is followed outside and asked to complete a questionnaire about the library that day. Among other questions, the student is asked if the librarian smiled, and if she touched him. In fact, the librarian had not smiled, but the student reports that she did, although he says she did not touch him. This experiment goes on all day, and soon a pattern emerges: those students who have been subtly touched report much more satisfaction with the library and life overall.

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

The history of art appreciation has been dominated by European perspectives for centuries. Dating from ancient Greece, Western philosophers like Plato and Aristotle established principles of beauty focused on harmony, proportion, and mimesis. These ideas evolved during the Renaissance and Enlightenment to become formalized art criticism. However, as art historian Okwui Enwezor noted, this approach is limited, since Western aesthetics often fail to fully grasp the cultural and political intentions behind non-Western art. African masks, once valued for their so-called primitive qualities in European museums, were actually profound spiritual devices with ritual functions. Japanese wabi-sabi aesthetics celebrate imperfection rather than classical ideals of symmetry. These examples demonstrate that art is inherently cultural and cannot be easily categorized according to universal standards. Rather than trying to fit artistic expressions into Western frameworks, we should appreciate them in their own contexts.

① The passage concludes that artworks are best appreciated by applying a single universal standard.

② Western ideas of beauty developed into formalized art criticism during the Renaissance and Enlightenment.

③ European museums once valued African masks for what were called their primitive qualities.

④ An art historian mentioned in the passage regards the Western approach to art as limited.

⑤ Western principles of beauty can be traced back to philosophers of ancient Greece.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지는 ”예술은 단일 보편적 기준이 아니라 각자의 문화적 맥락에서 감상되어야 한다"는 것이다. 특히 마지막 두 문장이 저자의 최종 결론을 명확히 전달한다.

지문은 ”art is inherently cultural and cannot be easily categorized according to universal standards”라고 명시하고, ”Rather than trying to fit artistic expressions into Western frameworks, we should appreciate them in their own contexts”라고 결론짓는다. 즉, 보편적 기준에 따른 분류는 불가능하며, 각 예술을 자체적 맥락에서 감상해야 한다.

따라서 작품을 "단일 보편적 기준을 적용하여(by applying a single universal standard)" 감상하는 것이 가장 좋다고 결론짓는다는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 두 문장이 ①번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 예술이 보편적 기준에 따라 분류될 수 "없으며(cannot)" 각 문화적 맥락에서 감상해야 한다고 결론짓는 반면, ①번은 "단일 보편적 기준을 적용하여(a single universal standard)" 감상하는 것이 최선이라고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 능수능란 직독직해 영어 12회 기본 직독직해 12회 변형 문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한

능수능란 직독직해 영어 12회 기본 직독직해 12 회의 지문입니다.

1번 지문(문항 번호 18번)

Dear Volunteer Coordinator,

Last Saturday, I attended the Environmental Conservation Workshop with my coworkers. Upon returning home, I found that my portfolio folder was missing. The folder contains critical project documents related to community sustainability initiatives. I suspect it may have been left behind at the venue—could you possibly check whether a dark brown leather folder bearing my name, Brooke McCarthy, has been handed in? If retrieved, I would greatly appreciate it if you could contact me.

Sincerely, Brooke McCarthy

2번 지문(문항 번호 19번)

Rafael was taking pictures of wildlife in the forest. Suddenly, he found a rabbit lying on the ground. The rabbit seemed injured, and its breathing was shallow. Feeling afraid that the rabbit might not survive, he carefully brought it to a nearby shelter. A local ranger named Miguel approached and asked, “What’s wrong?” Rafael, wiping the sweat off his forehead, replied, “Something needs to be done for this animal.” After carefully examining the rabbit, Miguel said, “Here’s what I think.” When Rafael looked at him anxiously, Miguel told him that the rabbit was simply exhausted from dehydration. After learning the truth, Rafael let out a deep breath. “Thank goodness,” he whispered to himself, “It’s going to be okay!”

3번 지문(문항 번호 20번)

Creative solutions to a problem often emerge from unexpected sources. Many of us get stuck in conventional thinking patterns, especially when faced with complex challenges or tight deadlines. But what if inspiration could be found in your everyday surroundings? That’s where the practice of observing nature comes into play. Nature is everywhere. Whether it’s birds building nests or plants growing, natural processes are constant sources of innovation. So rather than viewing nature as merely beautiful scenery, why not see it as a teacher of creative solutions? For instance, by learning from how ants collaborate or how trees communicate through their root systems, we can develop new strategies for collaboration and information sharing. Drawing from nature’s wisdom to find answers to your own problems can enhance your creative thinking.

4번 지문(문항 번호 21번)

The history of art appreciation has been dominated by European perspectives for centuries. Dating from ancient Greece, Western philosophers like Plato and Aristotle established principles of beauty focused on harmony, proportion, and mimesis. These ideas evolved during the Renaissance and Enlightenment to become formalized art criticism. However, as art historian Okwui Enwezor noted, this approach is limited, since Western aesthetics often fail to fully grasp the cultural and political intentions behind non-Western art. African masks, once valued for their so-called primitive qualities in European museums, were actually profound spiritual devices with ritual functions. Japanese wabi-sabi aesthetics celebrate imperfection rather than classical ideals of symmetry. These examples demonstrate that art is inherently cultural and cannot be easily categorized according to universal standards. Rather than trying to fit artistic expressions into Western frameworks, we should appreciate them in their own contexts.

5번 지문(문항 번호 22번)

In the landscape of human development, language abilities have been thought to be a crucial survival mechanism. Complex communication enabled unprecedented group problem-solving and social teamwork, allowing humans to develop varied strategies for overcoming intricate environmental challenges. Anthropological evidence reveals that language functions as a dynamic adaptive strategy, facilitating more complex interactions beyond mere information exchange. Through clear verbal expressions, early humans could negotiate resources, resolve conflicts, and pass down group knowledge with remarkable precision. The cognitive flexibility afforded by language deeply changed human social structures, enabling new levels of cooperation and cultural sharing. The language abilities we possess are not just a communication tool; they represent an intelligent survival mechanism that helped our species adapt and thrive in diverse and challenging environments.

6번 지문(문항 번호 23번)

Many workplace studies generate quantitative data. Investigations into job satisfaction might typically measure employee turnover rates, and studies on productivity might count the number of tasks completed within a given timeframe. Asking employees how many times in a year they feel unmotivated will also yield quantitative data, but it might not be reliable. Workers' recollections may be inaccurate, and their definitions of 'unmotivated' could vary widely. Asking “How many times in the past year have you considered leaving your current position?” prompts a more concrete answer. Similarly, instead of asking people to rate how engaged they are at work, you can inquire, “How many professional development opportunities have you pursued in your own time this year?” Questions that seek specific responses help clarify abstract workplace concepts and ensure consistency from one study to the next.

7번 지문(문항 번호 24번)

The development of artificial intelligence is rapidly approaching a transformative phase in emotional understanding. Current AI systems can already identify and interpret human emotional patterns through advanced algorithms and deep learning. As they continue to evolve, they will likely develop more sophisticated emotional intelligence capabilities, potentially reaching a level at which they can genuinely understand and respond to human feelings. When AI achieves this emotional consciousness, it will no longer be merely a tool but a partner capable of meaningful emotional exchange. The interaction between humans and emotionally intelligent AI will create new opportunities for both sides to grow; AI will enhance our emotional awareness by providing insights into our own emotional patterns and complex feelings. Simultaneously, our emotional experiences and values will shape how AI develops its own emotional understanding and responses. We must prepare for a future where humans and AI collaborate, each contributing to the other's emotional growth and understanding.

8번 지문(문항 번호 26번)

Rosalind Franklin, a British chemist and X-ray crystallographer, was born in London in 1920. During her university years, she studied chemistry at Cambridge University, where she earned her PhD in 1945. In 1951, she joined King's College London and began her pioneering work on the structure of DNA using X-ray crystallography. Under her supervision, her research team captured the famous Photo 51 in the following year, providing crucial evidence for the double-helix model of DNA. She published her detailed X-ray findings in the 1953 issue of Nature. Franklin's contributions to understanding DNA were not fully recognized during her lifetime, but her work laid the foundation for modern molecular biology.

9번 지문(문항 번호 29번)

Global corporate research consistently reveals that one of the critical strategic assets of multinational organizations is cultural adaptability. When firms expand internationally, they encounter diverse cross-cultural dynamics that require effective communication across different teams and team members. Each local market develops its own unique interpretations of implementing corporate strategies, and this diversity can potentially create barriers to smooth interaction among global teams. Such complexity necessitates strategic decisions. The choice of whether companies should pursue standardized or localized market engagement approaches can impact organizational success. Companies adopting standardized strategies maintain strict rules and procedures, with centralized management guiding most decision-making processes. Companies taking a localized approach have a more flexible structure, in which corporate power is spread across the regional teams, allowing them to make critical decisions more independently.

10번 지문(문항 번호 30번)

When learning to play musical instruments, the amount of practice time strongly influences skill development. From a neurological perspective, musical abilities are shaped by the frequency of practice. The more we practice, the more the brain's neural connections are strengthened. The potential to master complex musical pieces is therefore related to consistent practice sessions of one or two hours every day. Professional musicians, as highly skilled practitioners, have a much greater ability to perform difficult compositions, having invested significant time and dedication into executing technical passages. Meanwhile, novice musicians often overestimate their preparedness for performances despite lacking the necessary foundation. Intermediate musicians may fall somewhere between these extremes; they have more regular practice habits than beginners, but they are still in the process of developing their technical skills.

11번 지문(문항 번호 31번)

Every ecosystem involves complex interactions among species. When an ecosystem faces external pressure, such as human interference or climate change, these delicate relationships are disrupted. However, many ecosystems demonstrate a remarkable capacity for recovery after such disturbances. Some ecosystems can absorb significant impacts and return to their original state, while others adapt by establishing new equilibrium conditions. This ability largely depends on biodiversity. Research has shown that ecosystems with a broader range of species typically exhibit stronger resilience to environmental stress. Even vulnerable ecosystems like wetlands can restore their original functions if they maintain sufficient species variety and are provided adequate time without additional stressors.

12번 지문(문항 번호 32번)

Although we generally perceive learning as a conscious endeavor, a substantial amount of skill acquisition occurs during our unconscious state. When individuals practice a new motor skill and then fall asleep, something astonishing happens—their brains continue refining their new skill. Brain imaging studies have revealed that during slow-wave sleep, the neural patterns activated during practice are reactivated, but at a much faster rate. This process, known as memory consolidation, strengthens the synaptic connections that are formed during practice. The enhancement is particularly evident in procedural memories—those involved in performing tasks like playing an instrument or typing—and the brain prioritizes memories that were marked as important before sleep. This explains why athletes and musicians often report performance improvements after a good night's rest, even though they didn't practice during their sleeping hours.

13번 지문(문항 번호 33번)

Language has the power to shape our reality, but this power comes with huge risks when we forget that words are merely representations. When we mistake language for the actual reality it represents, we create problems that have no basis in real life. Philosopher Alan Watts warned against this tendency, explaining how humans often become trapped in the language patterns they create. Consider the famous example of medieval scholars who were said to have debated for centuries about how many angels could dance on the head of a pin—a question that arose not from observation but from purely abstract reasoning. Physicist Richard Feynman identified this phenomenon, calling such issues “pseudo-questions” that emerge from the misuse of language rather than genuine gaps in our understanding. These linguistic traps lead researchers down pointless paths, pursuing answers to questions that exist only within our conceptual constructions.

14번 지문(문항 번호 34번)

The streaming economy has altered the relationship between musicians and their audiences. In the past, artists relied primarily on album sales and concert revenues, creating a distance between the creator and consumer that was mediated by record labels and music critics. Today's musicians, however, engage directly with fans through various digital platforms, and this blurs the line between professional and amateur content creators. Critics argue that this tendency devalues musical artistry, as success is increasingly tied to online presence rather than formal training or technical skill. Yet such criticism fails to recognize that the modern music ecosystem redefines what musical achievement means. Musical success was previously influenced by industry gatekeepers who controlled access based on commercial potential and established norms. In contrast, the digital landscape prioritizes continuous engagement, personality-driven content, and direct community building. Success is now measured by streams, likes, shares, and follower counts, creating new pathways to sustainability that bypass traditional power structures in the industry.

15번 지문(문항 번호 35번)

Why do many students struggle to learn a new language despite years of study? The answer lies in how our brain processes and stores linguistic information. When first exposed to new vocabulary or grammar rules, we temporarily hold this information in our minds. This information is initially stored in our active working memory, which has limited capacity. We may feel confident that we've learned the material because we can recall it immediately after a study session, but this temporary storage is vastly different from the permanent memory needed for long-term language proficiency. Research demonstrates that without consistent review and practical application, linguistic knowledge begins to fade within days, and after several weeks, students may retain less than 20 percent of what they learned. To achieve lasting language acquisition, learners must consistently test their recall abilities and repeatedly utilize the language in diverse contexts.

16번 지문(문항 번호 36번)

Even without advanced technology, medieval European monasteries created remarkable systems of timekeeping. The responsibility for tracking time fell to specific monks who served as timekeepers. They used various instruments including sundials for daytime hours and water clocks or specially calibrated candles for tracking time at night or during cloudy days. These timekeepers would diligently manage their devices and ring bells according to the canonical hours—specific times for prayer established by the church. The bells were usually housed in towers from which sounds could be heard throughout the monastery and surrounding areas. When other monks in the community heard the sound, they knew it was time to pray. This system allowed monasteries to maintain consistent schedules for prayers as well as meals and labor throughout the year, even with seasonal variations in daylight hours.

17번 지문(문항 번호 37번)

Anxiety is typically a short-term neurological response to an immediate source of significant stress, such as a social conflict or a financial problem. For some people, however, anxiety is a lifelong companion due to their past experiences. In particular, childhood trauma can lead to feelings of intense nervousness and even panic in response to minor stressors during adulthood. The tendency to overreact stems from how children cope with chaotic circumstances. When faced with an unstable home environment, they become hypervigilant in an effort to identify potential hazards. In effect, they engage in a futile effort to predict and avoid the unpredictable. Once childhood has ended, this habit of overanalyzing makes it difficult to differentiate between genuine threats and minor inconveniences. Affected adults end up existing in a state of general anxiety, never free from worry because they are convinced a disaster is about to occur.

18번 지문(문항 번호 38번)

For centuries, scientists believed that our sense of taste was limited to four basic flavors: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. It wasn't until 2002 that umami, the savory taste found in mushrooms and aged cheese, was officially recognized as the fifth basic taste. Later experiments revealed that what we perceive as taste is actually a complex interaction between taste, smell, texture, and even visual cues. This explains why food often tastes dull when we have a cold and our sense of smell is impaired. Neuroscientists have discovered that taste processing is so sophisticated that it involves multiple brain regions and sensory inputs. Moreover, it was found that taste preferences can be influenced by cultural exposure and repeated experiences. This complexity has revolutionized the food industry, leading chefs to focus on designing multisensory eating experiences rather than flavor compounds.

19번 지문(문항 번호 39번)

As linguists argue, our expressions of thought are bound within language systems, basically a structure of agreed-upon rules for a specific dialect, a categorization of vocabulary, and phonetic patterns. Thus, when speakers communicate ideas, they do so from within a specific language system. Even the most basic emotional vocalizations are only comprehensible from within that system. For example, a specific intonation means nothing unless you are already familiar with the tonal rules of the language and what emotion you are supposed to be conveying. Thus, what we consider a linguistic breakthrough is not a progression from a simple to a complex grammatical structure. Rather, it is a functional reorganization from one 'method of expressing reality' to another. For linguists, 'the speaker of a new language conceptualizes differently from the way they had conceptualized before.'

20번 지문(문항 번호 40번)

The digital transformation of financial markets has led to an exponential increase in trading data generated every microsecond. Financial institutions now face the challenge of processing billions of market transactions and price movements in real time. Traditional market analysis methods, which relied on human traders' intuition and basic statistical tools, have become obsolete in the high-frequency trading environment. While experienced traders excel at strategic decision-making, they cannot process the massive amount of data quickly enough for split-second trading decisions. This has led to the dominance of sophisticated algorithmic trading systems that can analyze vast amounts of market data instantly, identifying trading opportunities and risks that would be impossible for human traders to detect in such short timeframes. This growing gap between human analytical capabilities and the volume of financial data drives the continuous development of trading technologies that can effectively transform raw market data into actionable trading insights.

21번 지문(문항 번호 41-42번)

Throughout history, humans have developed complex systems to maintain social order through established hierarchies. Early civilizations created structures where leaders held absolute power over their subjects, demanding persistent loyalty and obedience. People naturally accepted this arrangement because they understood the need for protection from external threats and internal chaos that could destroy their communities. Ancient rulers recognized that maintaining power required both inspiring fear and commanding respect through deliberate displays of authority. The sociologist Max Weber argued that authority in traditional societies was based on long-established beliefs and customs that people rarely questioned or challenged. Citizens obeyed simply because tradition demanded it, and this created governance systems tied to ritualistic ceremonies and symbolic displays of power that reinforced social hierarchies. However, such rigid arrangements frequently led to abuse of authority. When tyrannical leaders emerged, subjects had no choice but to submit to their rules, regardless of their beliefs about justice or fairness. Despite these drawbacks, the ability to maintain social cohesion through accepted authority structures has preserved countless civilizations from complete collapse.

22번 지문(문항 번호 43-45번)

In a deep forest valley, there lived a young fox with plain brown fur. Unlike other foxes who had beautiful orange and white coats, she felt invisible and unremarkable. Her brown ears, brown tail, and brown paws made her blend into the forest background. While the foxes around her seemed satisfied with their appearance, she desired to stand out. Motivated by her longing for distinction, the young fox visited her elder sister, a magnificent fox with stunning silver stripes across her coat. However, her sister explained that the stripes appeared after she accidentally rolled in ash, and she didn't know much about it. Feeling disappointed, the young fox headed home. Along the way, she encountered a brilliant yellow butterfly, who told her that its golden color came from drinking the nectar of special flowers. The young fox altered her route and rushed to a cluster of purple flowers nearby. She curiously tasted the colorful petals, but they were awful and made her stomach ache terribly. As evening approached, she returned home and climbed onto her favorite rock. There, she noticed a glowing blue mushroom that tempted her to consume its entire cap. The next morning, the young fox felt refreshed. At breakfast time, she noticed the other foxes talking excitedly and inquired about their discussion. They gasped in amazement, shouting, "Look in the water!" Peering at her reflection, she saw her fur had transformed into shimmering purple and blue. She felt ecstatic and thought that her dreams had finally been fulfilled.

송도고 내신,

'재수를 두려워하지 않는 학교'라는 데이터가 말해주는 것

송도고의 성격을 가장 명확하게 보여주는 것은 두 개의 진학 지표를 나란히 놓고 볼 때입니다. 전체 진학자 중 4년제 대학 진학자 비율은 전국 653위로 상위 35%, 그런데 졸업생의 현역 4년제 진학률은 전국 1,164위로 상위 65%입니다. 고교등급은 2로 인천 내 상위권에 속합니다.

이 두 숫자의 간극이 송도고를 설명합니다. 최종적으로는 4년제 대학에 많이 가지만, 그 결과를 현역에서 다 만들지는 않는다는 뜻입니다. 눈높이를 낮춰 현역으로 마무리하기보다 한 해를 더 투자해서라도 원하는 대학에 가겠다는 선택을 하는 학생이 적지 않은 학교라는 의미입니다. 목표 대학의 기준선이 높은 전통 명문 남고에서 흔히 나타나는 패턴입니다.

이 구조가 학습 전략에 주는 시사점은 분명합니다. 송도고에서는 수능 체력, 즉 정시 경쟁력을 결코 뒤로 미룰 수 없습니다. 내신만 챙기다 고3에 수능 앞에서 무너지면 재수가 사실상 기본값이 되고, 반대로 고1~고2에 내신 대비를 수능 수준으로 소화해두면 현역에서 수시와 정시 양쪽 카드를 모두 쥘 수 있습니다. 내신 공부가 곧 수능 공부가 되도록 설계하는 것 — 이것이 송도고 학생에게 가장 중요한 원칙입니다.

학군 조건도 함께 봐야 합니다. 송도고가 자리한 연수구는 송도국제도시를 포함해 인천에서 교육열이 가장 높은 지역이고, 학원가가 촘촘하게 형성되어 있습니다. 대규모 남고 특성상 상위권 층이 두껍게 형성되어 있어, 학교 안에서의 등급 경쟁 밀도도 높은 편입니다.

국어 – 송도이재식국어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/songdoijs

송도이재식국어학원은 송도·연수에서 고등 국어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 국어 전문 학원입니다. 이재식 원장의 이름을 그대로 내건 학원으로, 이름을 걸었으니 결과로 책임진다는 원장 직강 학원 특유의 무게감이 강점입니다.

국어는 송도고 학생에게 내신과 수능이 가장 크게 겹치는 과목입니다. 내신 문학·독서(비문학)·문법의 실력이 그대로 수능 국어의 토대가 되기 때문입니다. 반대로 시험 범위 지문만 외우는 방식으로 내신을 넘기면 고3에 수능 국어 앞에서 처음부터 다시 시작해야 하고, 그 지점이 현역과 재수를 가르는 분기점이 되는 경우가 많습니다. 송도이재식국어학원은 송도고 출제 경향에 맞춰 전 영역을 체계적으로 지도하고, 서술형 답안 첨삭과 수능 국어 연계 커리큘럼을 함께 운영합니다.

영어 – FLA영어입시전문학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/hurryforrest

FLA영어입시전문학원은 연수·송도에서 고등 영어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 영어 전문 학원입니다. 'FLA'는 외국어 전문 교육기관(Foreign Language Academy)을 뜻하는 이름으로 읽히며, 학원명에 '입시전문'을 명시한 데서 알 수 있듯 회화나 교양이 아닌 대학 입시에 조준된 영어를 지향합니다.

송도고 영어 내신은 교과서 본문과 학교 부교재, 외부 지문까지 범위가 넓어 본문 암기만으로는 1등급 확보가 어렵습니다. 변형 문제 대응력과 서술형 영작의 정확도에서 등급이 갈립니다. 수능 영어가 절대평가라는 점은 송도고 학생에게 특히 중요합니다. 내신 대비 과정에서 수능 1등급을 함께 확보해두면 수시 최저와 정시 경쟁력을 한 번에 가져갈 수 있기 때문입니다. FLA영어입시전문학원은 송도고 기출 경향에 맞춰 어휘·구문·독해·본문 정밀 분석·서술형 영작을 단계별로 훈련하고, 내신 기간에는 학교별 집중 대비 수업을 별도 편성합니다.

수학 – 가우스학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/gausshome

가우스학원은 연수·송도에서 고등 수학 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 수학 전문 학원입니다. '가우스(Gauss)'는 '수학의 왕자'로 불리는 독일의 수학자 카를 프리드리히 가우스의 이름에서 따온 것입니다. 1부터 100까지를 순식간에 더해낸 어린 시절 일화처럼, 공식을 외우는 대신 구조를 꿰뚫어 보는 수학을 지향한다는 뜻입니다.

수학은 송도고에서 등급 변별이 가장 크게 일어나는 과목이자, 현역과 재수를 가르는 결정적 과목입니다. 정시 경쟁력을 뒤로 미룰 수 없는 학교 구조에서 수학은 내신과 수능 어느 쪽에서도 피해갈 수 없는 과목이기 때문입니다. 공통수학에서 대수·미적분·확률과 통계로 이어지는 흐름에서 한 번 구멍이 생기면 이후 전체가 흔들리므로, 무리한 선행보다 개념의 빈틈을 메우는 복습 설계가 우선입니다. 가우스학원은 송도고 기출 분석을 바탕으로 개념 심화, 고난도 유형 훈련, 서술형 채점 기준에 맞는 풀이 작성, 수능 수학 연계 커리큘럼을 체계적으로 제공합니다.

과학 – 스터디브릭스

블로그: blog.naver.com/studybricks_corp

스터디브릭스는 송도·연수에서 고등 과학 내신과 수능 과탐을 지도하는 학원입니다. '스터디브릭스(Study Bricks)'는 공부(Study)와 벽돌(Bricks)을 합친 이름으로, 벽돌을 한 장씩 쌓아 건물을 세우듯 개념을 차곡차곡 쌓아 실력을 세운다는 뜻을 담고 있습니다. 한 번에 무너지지 않는 구조를 만드는 공부를 지향합니다.

송도고 과학 내신은 개념 이해와 탐구 적용, 서술형 답안 작성 능력이 고르게 요구됩니다. 선택 과목에 따라 물리학·화학·생명과학·지구과학의 조합이 갈리고, 수강 인원이 적은 과목일수록 한 문항의 실수가 등급을 통째로 바꿉니다. 특히 정시까지 염두에 둔다면 내신 과학 과목 선택이 곧 수능 과탐 과목 선택으로 이어진다는 점을 고1부터 고려해야 합니다. 스터디브릭스는 단원별 핵심 개념 정리부터 송도고 기출 분석, 서술형·탐구 실험 대비, 수능 과탐 연계까지 내실 있는 커리큘럼으로 진행합니다.

사회 – AL사회탐구

블로그: blog.naver.com/lyjgy1201

AL사회탐구는 고등 사회 내신과 수능 사탐을 전문으로 지도하는 사회탐구 전문 학원입니다. 'AL'에는 최고 등급 A와 학습(Learning)이 담겨 있는 것으로 읽히며, 암기 과목으로 치부되기 쉬운 사회탐구를 체계적인 학습의 영역으로 끌어올리겠다는 뜻을 담고 있습니다.

사회탐구는 많은 학생이 가장 늦게 손대는 과목이지만, 실은 투자 대비 효율이 가장 높은 과목입니다. 생활과 윤리, 사회·문화, 정치와 법, 경제, 한국지리, 세계사 등 과목마다 성격이 완전히 달라 과목 선택 자체가 전략이 되고, 개념의 정확도가 등급을 결정합니다. 정시 비중이 중요한 송도고 학생이라면 내신 사회 과목과 수능 사탐 과목을 일치시켜 한 번의 공부로 두 가지를 가져가는 설계가 특히 유효합니다. AL사회탐구는 과목별 핵심 개념 정리부터 송도고 기출 분석, 서술형 대비, 수능 사탐 연계까지 체계적인 커리큘럼으로 진행합니다.

종합/입시 – 하이리더스 중고등 프리미엄

블로그: blog.naver.com/loveubebe0304

하이리더스는 송도고 학생들의 내신과 입시를 통합 관리하는 중·고등 종합 입시 학원입니다. '하이리더스(High Leaders)'는 더 높은 곳을 향하는 리더들이라는 뜻으로, 성적을 올리는 데서 그치지 않고 자기 길을 스스로 이끌어가는 학생을 기른다는 교육 철학을 담고 있습니다.

송도고 입시의 핵심 판단은 '언제 어느 쪽으로 무게를 옮길 것인가'입니다. 내신으로 수시를 노릴지, 수능으로 정시를 노릴지, 아니면 둘 다 살려둘지를 고2 2학기에서 고3 초반 사이에 결정해야 합니다. 이 판단이 늦으면 두 길 모두에서 애매해지고, 너무 이르면 가능성 하나를 스스로 닫아버립니다. 여기에 선택 과목 설계, 학생부 세특 관리, 수능 최저 충족 전략까지 하나로 묶여야 합니다. 하이리더스는 송도고 학생들에게 내신 기간별 과목 집중 수업, 선택 과목 설계 상담, 수시 학생부·세특 관리, 면접 준비, 수능 대비 로드맵, 정시 지원 전략까지 통합 지원합니다.

송도고 내신,

내신 공부가 곧 수능 공부가 되어야 합니다

송도고는 1906년 개성에서 출발해 120년을 이어온 인천의 전통 명문 남고입니다. 경천애인을 건학이념으로, '봉사'를 교훈으로 삼아온 학교답게 깊은 전통과 높은 목표 의식을 함께 가지고 있습니다. 4년제 진학자 비율은 전국 상위 35%, 그러나 현역 진학률은 상위 65% — 이 간극이 말해주는 것은 눈높이를 낮추지 않는 학교라는 사실입니다. 그 눈높이를 현역에서 이루려면 내신 공부가 곧 수능 공부가 되는 설계가 필요합니다. 송도고 출제 경향을 정확히 아는 과목별 전문 학원을 만나는 것이 그 출발점입니다.

더메이킹스에서 송도고 맞춤 학원 목록을 확인해 보세요.

학교별 맞춤 학원 찾기 – 더메이킹스

https://themakings.co.kr/398

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

While positive thinking has long been promoted as essential for motivation and action, recent research calls this conclusion into question, as researchers have determined that unchecked optimism frequently leads to a cycle of destructive disappointment. A study led by Dr. Chris Dawson has warned that overestimating positive outcomes is more likely to result in disappointment than unbiased evaluation. When individuals with high expectations repeatedly encounter setbacks, they lose confidence in their ability to create positive change, leading them to begin dragging their feet. Rather than risking another letdown, they choose to avoid making efforts altogether. This behavioral pattern is a protective mechanism, but it ultimately prevents individuals from pursuing opportunities that might actually lead to success. This creates a cycle in which inaction becomes the default response to potential challenges or opportunities.

① Positive thinking has been encouraged for a long time as a necessary condition for motivation and action.

② Researchers have found that optimism left unchecked often leads into a cycle of destructive disappointment.

③ People with high expectations who meet setbacks again and again lose confidence in what they can change.

④ People who face repeated letdowns push themselves to try even harder instead of avoiding effort.

⑤ Recent research has cast doubt on the idea that positive thinking is essential for action.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지는 ”반복적 좌절이 노력 회피로 이어진다"는 것이다. 특히 반복적 실망을 경험한 사람들이 어떤 행동 패턴을 보이는지를 정확히 파악하는 것이 핵심이다.

지문은 ”Rather than risking another letdown, they choose to avoid making efforts altogether”라고 명시한다. 즉, 반복적 실망에 직면한 사람들은 또 다른 실망을 감수하기보다 노력하는 것을 "완전히 회피한다(avoid altogether)" — 더 열심히 하는 것이 아니라 아예 시도를 포기한다.

따라서 반복적 실망에 직면한 사람들이 노력을 회피하는 대신 ”더 열심히 노력하도록 스스로를 밀어붙인다(push themselves to try even harder instead of avoiding effort)”고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 반복적 실망에 직면한 사람들이 또 다른 실망을 감수하기보다 노력을 ”완전히 회피한다(avoid altogether)”고 서술하는 반면, ④번은 ”더 열심히 노력하도록 스스로를 밀어붙인다(push themselves to try even harder)”고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 능수능란 직독직해 영어 12회 기본 직독직해 11회 변형 문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한

능수능란 직독직해 영어 12회 기본 직독직해 11 회의 지문입니다.

1번 지문(문항 번호 18번)

To whom it may concern,

I am writing today to express my displeasure with the student dress code implemented by the school board. Previously, students had reasonable flexibility in their clothing choices, but now the new regulations prohibiting printed designs and requiring only button-down shirts are imposing a burden on students and their families. Many students who cannot afford these clothing items are now feeling excluded. Thus, I am urging you to reconsider these restrictive regulations. By allowing more reasonable clothing options, many students would regain their sense of belonging and participation in the school community. Childhood is meant to be a time of self-discovery, yet the current restrictions impede this goal. I look forward to your positive response.

Sincerely, Sally Thompson

2번 지문(문항 번호 19번)

I took my seat, double-checking my supplies as the proctor began to pass out the tests. I had studied intensively for weeks. But looking at the test paper, I realized I had focused on the wrong chapters by mistake. Panic set in as I saw questions about topics I had barely reviewed. I was certain that I would fail, despite all my hard work and preparation. My mind went blank, and I didn't even know where to begin. But as I read through the questions more carefully, I realized that my preparation wasn't wasted after all. The material I had studied was actually relevant to many of the questions. The tension in my shoulders immediately released. I smiled to myself and calmly began writing.

3번 지문(문항 번호 20번)

As parents, it is our job to teach, guide, and protect our children. However, there is a common parenting trap that many of us fall into, and it can seriously harm our relationship with our children. When children ask "Why?" about rules or restrictions, parents often respond with "Because I said so." It is crucial to avoid relying on authority alone and provide logical reasons for establishing rules for your children. Such responses damage your child's trust in you and create the impression that rules are arbitrary and unreasonable. When children don't understand the reasoning behind rules, they are more likely to break them. Moreover, intelligent children will even learn to substitute their own often-misguided reasoning for yours, creating additional problems down the road.

4번 지문(문항 번호 21번)

While positive thinking has long been promoted as essential for motivation and action, recent research calls this conclusion into question, as researchers have determined that unchecked optimism frequently leads to a cycle of destructive disappointment. A study led by Dr. Chris Dawson has warned that overestimating positive outcomes is more likely to result in disappointment than unbiased evaluation. When individuals with high expectations repeatedly encounter setbacks, they lose confidence in their ability to create positive change, leading them to begin dragging their feet. Rather than risking another letdown, they choose to avoid making efforts altogether. This behavioral pattern is a protective mechanism, but it ultimately prevents individuals from pursuing opportunities that might actually lead to success. This creates a cycle in which inaction becomes the default response to potential challenges or opportunities.

5번 지문(문항 번호 22번)

Humans have evolved to possess keen instincts that allow us to identify and react to potential risks. With the modern world’s focus on rational thought, these are often dismissed as nothing more than “gut feelings.” Yet they should not be ignored because they are the result of the brain subconsciously processing sensory stimuli. For example, a person walking home at night may suddenly feel uneasy about taking his or her usual route and instead choose a longer (but better lit) one. The next day, the person might feel a bit silly, but there were likely subliminal cues (such as the sound of someone in the bushes along the road) that the brain subconsciously evaluated as a threat. These background judgments occur in all aspects of our lives, from an instinctive distrust of someone we just met to the sudden urge to review a work assignment for mistakes one more time before submitting it, and they serve as effective guides for decision-making.

6번 지문(문항 번호 23번)

Many argue that concerns about worker displacement by automation and AI are unfounded, pointing to historical cases where disruptive technologies have merely shifted workers into new roles without causing lasting unemployment. But this argument overlooks an important factor distinguishing the implementation of AI from past advancements in automation: deployment speed. Previous rollouts of mechanization, such as robots in factories or ATMs at banks, required specialized machines designed to perform a single task. Therefore, an entirely new design process was needed to achieve similar advancements in other industries or roles. However, the software nature of AI makes it remarkably adaptable: models can be trained with new information and redeployed much more rapidly. This makes the threat posed by AI-driven automation more severe, as a wider range of workers can be replaced at a faster pace, potentially overwhelming the job market’s ability to absorb displaced workers.

7번 지문(문항 번호 24번)

Coral reefs comprise one of the most important ecosystems on Earth. They house an array of marine life and protect coastal areas from waves and storm surges, while generating tens of billions of dollars in fishing and tourism revenue. However, they are also among the most threatened ecosystems on the planet, suffering from both natural threats like diseases and storms, and human-induced ones such as climate change and pollution. For decades, the effects of human activity on coral reefs were largely overlooked, allowing these threats to intensify and push this fragile ecosystem toward collapse. When threatened, corals often respond by expelling the algae within their tissues, resulting in a loss of color known as coral bleaching. While this phenomenon has occurred naturally in the past due to events like El Niño, accelerating climate change has made bleaching events more frequent and severe, prompting urgent calls for the protection of coral reefs. It is now argued that protecting coral reefs is essential not only for marine biodiversity but for the economic survival of coastal communities worldwide.

8번 지문(문항 번호 26번)

Bertram Brooker was an English-Canadian painter active in the first half of the twentieth century. After moving from England to Canada in 1905, he initially worked in the theater and advertising fields before shifting his focus to painting in the mid-1920s. His first paintings were abstract, featuring precise geometric shapes and vivid colors. His work later evolved, with his style switching fluidly between abstract and representational painting, and eventually combining the two. Due to this versatility, his work spanned multiple artistic movements and made him one of the most influential Canadian artists of his era. This innovative approach continued throughout his career. He also rebelled against cultural norms, which resulted in the Art Gallery of Toronto refusing to exhibit some of his work.

9번 지문(문항 번호 29번)

It is often said that a cluttered home reflects a cluttered mind. Studies suggest that those living in disorganized environments tend to show higher or less stable levels of stress hormones, such as cortisol. Feeling constantly overwhelmed in one's personal space may make it harder to relax. Prolonged exposure to messy or chaotic environments has been linked to less efficient stress regulation. Given these negative effects, organizing becomes essential. Experts recommend starting small, with a single drawer or a corner of a room and separating items that will be kept, discarded, or moved to another location. To make this process manageable, experts suggest listening to music or enlisting help from others. Once the space is organized, people are more likely to feel calmer and more at ease. Also, people living in tidier homes tend to enjoy better overall health. This is because organized individuals are more consistent in managing their routines and setting aside time for exercise—habits that lead to a healthier lifestyle.

10번 지문(문항 번호 30번)

Mental health awareness plays a crucial role in workplace productivity. Employers cannot dismiss the psychological well-being of their employees, and enlightened companies know that mental health support can strengthen the overall work environment. When employees feel emotionally supported, their performance improves dramatically. The traditional attitude of ignoring mental health issues in the workplace has proven counterproductive. Workers experiencing psychological stress without proper support often contribute to higher turnover rates and decreased team morale. Progressive organizations now prioritize employee mental health through counseling services and stress management programs. The aim is to decrease workplace stress levels while maintaining high productivity standards.

11번 지문(문항 번호 31번)

People frequently talk about great artists being ahead of their time, failing to gain recognition while alive but becoming famous after death. This phenomenon, or the posthumous success effect, seems to suggest that death itself somehow elevates an artist's work. The common belief is that examples such as Van Gogh support the idea that death creates scarcity and mystique, driving up the value of previously overlooked works. However, the real reason behind such increases in recognition has much more to do with evolving cultural tastes than with death itself. As society's values and aesthetic preferences change over time, what was once considered strange or unacceptable can become celebrated. Unfortunately, most artists whose work eventually gained widespread acclaim were already showing promise during their lifetimes, but their full genius simply wasn't appreciated. The artists we remember as being "discovered after death" tend to have been renowned in some capacity during their lives.

12번 지문(문항 번호 32번)

Consider the various ways we communicate—whether through phone calls, text messages, or social media posts. What many of us don't realize is that each communication method functions like a filter that colors how others perceive us; the medium we select inevitably influences the impression we make. Take texting, for example. Before someone even processes what you've written—whether it's a simple greeting or a detailed explanation—they've already formed assumptions about you based on your choice to text. That's why experts argue that every time we interact with others, our communication method serves as an implicit message about who we are. It guides others to see us through the lens of the chosen medium. Casual conversation suggests we are approachable; formal writing indicates we are serious and professional.

13번 지문(문항 번호 33번)

Evolutionary theorists struggled for many years to explain traits that should theoretically disappear and be replaced, as they provide an evolutionary disadvantage or no advantage at all, yet persist. The answer was first presented by Sewall Wright in 1932. The idea with his "fitness landscape" theory was that local peaks that prevent further evolution toward perfection were much more common than optimal solutions. These were mathematical high points rather than evolutionary ideals. Basically, if the reproductive fitness of any species were graphed, the species would be seen to evolve toward a higher fitness level without ever moving toward a lower level. As a result, such a species could, upon arriving at the nearest high point, be unable to evolve away from a particular flaw, as doing so would require movement toward a lower fitness level before a higher level could be reached.

14번 지문(문항 번호 34번)

Despite the seemingly excessive violence contained within them, horror movies require the generation of tremendous empathy for the characters in order to be effective, which helps audiences identify with people facing analogous situations. More importantly, they provide a means of facing and working through actual anxieties through metaphors representing tensions within society. Concerns about the increasing presence of computers and other forms of technology in the home were addressed through the direct incorporation of these elements into the horror films of the 1980s. The explosion of AI-related horror films in recent years demonstrates that these movies continue to serve as society's way of processing contemporary fears. As the horror genre evolves, the fears of each generation are reflected. This ongoing exposure to horror narratives provides audiences with necessary emotional support to confront ever-present issues: watching characters face concerns similar to their own fosters a sense of community, and seeing them triumph over those same fears creates hope and catharsis.

15번 지문(문항 번호 35번)

Economic inequality has become a pressing concern in all developed nations, with income and wealth gaps representing an increasing problem. While extreme equality can have negative effects, extreme inequality is also negative, and it has the potential to be considerably worse. Countries that were relatively equitable in previous years have been shifting towards greater inequality over the last decades: the US had a Gini's coefficient—with a higher number indicating greater inequality—of 34.7 in 1981, but it had grown to 41.3 by 2021. One major driver of the growing disparity observed over this period is the political power wielded by the wealthy. Effectively, the wealthy are capable of using their power to shape laws in a manner that protects their interests, often at the expense of the common workers.

16번 지문(문항 번호 36번)

Have you ever noticed that after buying a specific car model, you start seeing the same model everywhere? In a similar way, there are times when something seems to appear more often after we first see it. In truth, the actual occurrences of such events rarely increase. Rather, the sudden appearance of other examples seems more noticeable, owing to a particular cognitive bias known as the frequency illusion. We experience this phenomenon because our attention is selective. Our brains receive roughly 11 million bits of information per second, but our conscious minds are only capable of processing 40 to 50 in the same amount of time. Consequently, our subconscious mind must filter out unnecessary information to keep our conscious mind from being overloaded. Once we perceive something new, our brain categorizes it as potentially important, so we become more likely to notice similar instances in the future.

17번 지문(문항 번호 37번)

Our understanding of how we see the world is based on the same principles found in a piece of ancient technology: the camera obscura. These devices have been used since at least the 4th century BC. Although they have advanced considerably, they all rely on the same basic methodology: light rays entering through a small aperture. The light rays carry the image information—the colors and details of whatever reflected them—through the small opening. On the other side of the opening, these light rays project the image onto a surface, but the image appears upside-down and left-to-right reversed. This happens because light can only travel in a straight line. Light rays from the top of an object reach the projection surface at the bottom, while rays from the bottom reach the top, retaining all the visual information that was originally reflected. This is the same way our eyes see the world, but our brain corrects the images, turning them right-side up.

18번 지문(문항 번호 38번)

Adaptation is a complex process that often involves a compromise between selective pressures working in opposition. Biologists have noted that two distinct types of traits emerge from these conflicting pressures. Adaptive traits are those that serve a functional role in improving the survival of the species. Examples include the bright warning coloration of poisonous animals and the streamlined body shapes of fast-swimming aquatic predators. Nonadaptive traits, by contrast, are those that provide little or no survival advantage, or may even be detrimental, within the species' current environment. A prominent example is the existence of wings in birds that are flightless, such as ostriches and penguins. Eye color in humans is frequently cited as another example, since it provides no benefit and there appears to be little reason for humans to have evolved this as a genetic distinction. These traits generally fall into one of three categories: neutral variations, adaptive byproducts, or evolutionary relics, all of which persist within the population despite providing no direct selective advantage.

19번 지문(문항 번호 39번)

Anyone who has dealt with children is aware of the amount of supervision they require, but this is not universal throughout the animal kingdom. Animals generally fall into two separate categories: precocial and altricial. Species whose young are immediately mobile, born with open eyes and well-developed motor skills, are categorized as precocial species. For instance, horses are able to walk within a few hours of birth, and ducks leave their nests after just one or two days. Their rapid development allows them to be better equipped to overcome predator attacks and environmental challenges. In sharp contrast, altricial species follow the opposite pattern, with offspring that remain completely dependent on their parents for prolonged periods. Their young, unable to feed themselves, escape predators, or function independently in any meaningful way, require constant care. Understanding this distinction helps explain why parenting strategies vary dramatically across different species.

20번 지문(문항 번호 40번)

Praising students to build their self-esteem may be counterproductive, according to Carol Dweck, a psychologist at Stanford University. While praise itself can be motivational, offering it too frequently or for trivial accomplishments can signal low expectations rather than encouragement. For example, when a teacher consistently praises a student for basic tasks like sitting quietly or completing simple worksheets, the student may interpret this as a sign that the teacher doesn't believe they're capable of doing more challenging work. This type of praise can indicate that the teacher considers the student incapable of greater achievements and is therefore impressed by minimal effort. Consequently, it can demotivate students, diminishing the drive to tackle other tasks and damaging their belief in their own abilities. Instead, Dweck suggests offering praise less often, ensuring that it's sincere and earned each time it's given.

21번 지문(문항 번호 41-42번)

Humans are frequently subject to cognitive biases, which can prove particularly problematic when combined with incomplete information. One of the most readily apparent examples of this is the fallacy of the maturity of chances, where an independent outcome in the past is often thought of as evidence for a future outcome. With this bias, the odds of a specific sequence of events occurring are misapplied to different individual events in the sequence. If we consider a coin toss, the odds of flipping heads ten times in a row are about 1 in 1024. Therefore, if nine flips come up heads, many people will think that the subsequent flip will almost certainly be tails, reasoning that the odds strongly favor tails after so many heads. However, in reality, each coin flip is independent. After nine flips of heads, the odds of the next toss coming up heads remain 50 percent. While the odds of ten heads in a row might seem extremely low, they are identical to the odds of flipping heads nine times in a row followed by tails. Since the odds of both ten-flip series are equivalent, it remains a 50 percent chance at the moment of the final flip. Yet this fact eludes most observers. When people focus on how unlikely ten heads would be, they fail to realize how unlikely the specific sequence that already occurred was. Just as we might feel that lightning couldn't possibly strike the same place twice, we incorrectly assume that unlikely streaks must end soon.

22번 지문(문항 번호 43-45번)

A long time ago in rural China, a farmer lived with his wife and son on a small farm. He was very poor and had only a single horse to pull his plough. One morning, the farmer sent his son out to the barn to feed the horse. But when he got there, something was wrong. The barn door was open, and the horse had run away! The son ran back to the house to report what he had discovered. "Can you believe what bad luck we have?" he asked. "We will have to work much harder because we won't have a horse to help us plant our crops." However, the farmer did not seem bothered by what had happened. He just smiled calmly and said, "Good luck, bad luck ... Who really knows?" To the family's surprise, the horse returned to the farm just a few days later, and it was leading two other horses it had met while wandering the countryside. The farmer quickly put all three animals in the barn and shut the door securely. His son was thrilled by the news. "Our horse returned, and we got two more for free," he exclaimed. "We must be the luckiest family in the whole country!" Again, though, the farmer seemed unimpressed. The son ignored his strange attitude and thought, "Since we have three horses now, I will use the biggest one for riding." But when he climbed on its back, the horse bolted, throwing the son to the ground and breaking his leg. He now understood his father's perspective—it is impossible to say whether a situation will have a posi

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Scientists are engineering the human gut microbiome to be the perfect environment for beneficial bacteria. They have provided essential nutrients through targeted foods and made it possible to maintain optimal conditions via carefully designed regimens. In the last few decades, we have become much more efficient at cultivating exactly the right bacterial balance. Global consumption of probiotic foods has risen fivefold since 2000, and research into personalized microbiome treatments has expanded dramatically; we are nourishing and optimizing our gut environments more than ever. Unfortunately, these conditions have also attracted the attention of unwanted guests. Because our gut is loaded with nutrients relative to the external environments that surround the body, it is desired as a prime location by every opportunistic bacterium nearby.

① Scientists are shaping the gut microbiome into an ideal home for helpful bacteria.

② Essential nutrients have been supplied through foods chosen for that very purpose.

③ Worldwide consumption of probiotic foods has grown five times larger since 2000.

④ Research on microbiome treatments tailored to individuals has narrowed in recent years.

⑤ Compared with the environments outside the body, the gut holds a rich supply of nutrients.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문은 장내 미생물군 연구의 발전 추세를 설명하면서, 개인 맞춤형 미생물군 치료 연구의 방향을 명확히 밝힌다. 지문은 ”research into personalized microbiome treatments has expanded dramatically”라고 명시한다. 즉, 개인 맞춤형 미생물군 치료 연구는 "극적으로 확대되었다(expanded dramatically)" — 연구 범위가 넓어졌다는 것이다. 따라서 이 연구가 최근 몇 년간 ”좁아졌다(has narrowed)”고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 개인 맞춤형 미생물군 치료 연구가 ”극적으로 확대되었다(expanded dramatically)”고 서술하는 반면, ④번은 ”좁아졌다(has narrowed)”고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

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능수능란 직독직해 영어 12회 기본 직독직해 10 회의 지문입니다.

1번 지문(문항 번호 18번)

To the Regional Transportation Authority,

I am writing to follow up on the city's bicycle lane network expansion initiative for Green Valley. Our local cycling advocacy group has developed a proposal to enhance the city's transportation infrastructure. We submitted a detailed plan outlining bicycle lane expansions to improve safety and accessibility in our city's transportation network three months ago. However, we have not yet received any feedback from your authority. Any further delay in the review process may affect our project timeline and budget planning. Therefore, we kindly request that you provide an update on the status of our submitted proposal. I look forward to your prompt response. Respectfully,

Sierra Poole, Green Valley Cycling Coalition Coordinator

2번 지문(문항 번호 19번)

Playing for the national orchestra had been my dream since childhood. As I walked on the stage, my palms were sweating. I had spent countless hours perfecting every note, but would it be enough? My fingers trembled as I held my violin. It was a final-round audition open to a small audience, and my family and friends had come to watch me perform. But I couldn't stop thinking about all the things that could go wrong. After the performance, the judges finally called my name and announced that I had passed the audition. I could barely contain my excitement. “Yes! I made it!” I said to myself victoriously.

3번 지문(문항 번호 20번)

Many people focus solely on describing their physical symptoms when they visit a doctor. However, medical experts emphasize that the way you communicate with your healthcare provider significantly affects the quality of care you receive. To get the most out of your medical appointments, you should prepare a list of questions about your symptoms beforehand. This allows your doctor to better understand your condition and provide more targeted treatment. Additionally, the list ensures that you do not forget important health issues during the limited consultation time. Therefore, take time to organize your thoughts and prepare what to say in advance—this will actually lead to better healthcare outcomes.

4번 지문(문항 번호 21번)

Scientists are engineering the human gut microbiome to be the perfect environment for beneficial bacteria. They have provided essential nutrients through targeted foods and made it possible to maintain optimal conditions via carefully designed regimens. In the last few decades, we have become much more efficient at cultivating exactly the right bacterial balance. Global consumption of probiotic foods has risen fivefold since 2000, and research into personalized microbiome treatments has expanded dramatically; we are nourishing and optimizing our gut environments more than ever. Unfortunately, these conditions have also attracted the attention of unwanted guests. Because our gut is loaded with nutrients relative to the external environments that surround the body, it is desired as a prime location by every opportunistic bacterium nearby.

5번 지문(문항 번호 22번)

In the world of creative work, inspiration strikes at unexpected moments. When you see a writer struggling with creative block, a simple question can unlock the flow of ideas. Also, having everyday conversations can spark creative inspiration. Creative minds possess the ability to transform ordinary dialogue into extraordinary ideas. Even a brief, random exchange can awaken hidden creative abilities; these interactive moments often become catalysts that break down creative barriers. As such, minor communication can serve as the driving force behind artistic creation.

6번 지문(문항 번호 23번)

We tend to look for shortcuts in building relationships, relying on social media and quick interactions. When choosing convenience over genuine connection, we lose the opportunity to develop meaningful bonds. Many of us never really work to master the art of building strong connections. These relationships are vital foundations that enhance our emotional well-being, personal growth, and career success. Strong friendships don't form through casual exchanges; they develop through dedication. It's the emotional investment, sincere care, active listening, and consistent presence that create lasting bonds. Meaningful connections develop through facing challenges together, not from taking the path of least resistance. Nurturing deep connections will eventually be our greatest source of fulfillment.

7번 지문(문항 번호 24번)

Beneath every study habit lies a deeper belief about the kind of student we think we are, shaping our educational choices both consciously and unconsciously. According to recent research, individuals tend to align their academic behavior with their perceived scholarly identity. Take, for instance, the striking difference between those who embrace the identity of “dedicated scholar” and those who merely view studying as a task to complete─the former consistently demonstrate higher engagement in learning activities. When people regard academic excellence as a core part of who they are, the pursuit of knowledge becomes second nature. After all, when your behavior and your identity perfectly align, you are no longer changing your study habits. You are simply expressing your academic self through your studies.

8번 지문(문항 번호 26번)

Lise Meitner, a distinguished Austrian physicist, was born in Vienna in 1878 to a Jewish family. After receiving her doctor's degree at the University of Vienna in 1906, she attended physics lectures in Germany and began collaborating with chemist Otto Hahn on radioactivity research. During their three decades of partnership, they were among the first to isolate protactinium-231 and conducted groundbreaking studies on nuclear processes. In the 1930s, she participated in investigating neutron bombardment of uranium. She left Germany in 1938 and settled in Sweden, and in the following year, she provided the theoretical explanation for nuclear fission. She was later invited to join the Manhattan Project but declined due to her opposition to atomic weapons.

9번 지문(문항 번호 29번)

Studying pre-industrial economy, which can be characterized by localized production and craft-based labor, reveals a profound economic transformation. Historical analysis of early craftsperson communities has indicated that our ancestors engaged in skill-based work with a considerable degree of autonomy. If this assessment is accurate, it raises questions about why so many societies were driven to industrialization: building factories and machines required enormous capital, and it was in industrial centers that working-class poverty and labor exploitation became more systematically widespread. Despite its disruption to traditional ways of life, the development of mechanized production undoubtedly resulted in a dramatic increase in economic output. This period, known as the Industrial Revolution, was a crucial turning point in economic development, eventually leading to contemporary industrial “civilizations.”

10번 지문(문항 번호 30번)

We develop the habit of saving resources for future needs. This behavioral pattern appears to demonstrate a preference for a delayed reward: the individual sacrifices immediate gratification for a greater future benefit. Therefore, the future value of a resource is perceived to be higher than its current value. However, psychological factors can disrupt rational planning. Individuals may not persist until their goal is achieved but use their saved resources incautiously. For instance, a student might put aside money throughout an entire semester for a new laptop yet spontaneously spend it on concert tickets. Such scenarios represent an impulsive decision-making process. While individuals may carefully manage their savings with strategic intent, they often act differently when an opportunity for immediate satisfaction emerges.

11번 지문(문항 번호 31번)

The costs of postponement are extensively documented across various domains. Some educational researchers describe it as “the thief of academic potential” that undermines students’ achievement. A well-known study by Piers Steel in 2007 tracked college students, revealing that those who frequently put off their work showed lower academic performance. The famous author Douglas Adams, creator of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, was infamous for missing deadlines, once saying he loved deadlines because he loved the whooshing sound they make as they fly by. Beyond academic and creative fields, chronic delays have considerable consequences for those in critical roles─such as doctors, lawyers, and project managers─not only compromising work quality but also increasing stress, reducing career advancement opportunities, and leading to slower professional growth.

12번 지문(문항 번호 32번)

Neuroscience research has provided compelling evidence that early childhood experiences lead to structural brain changes. Children who engage in rich sensory activities before age five show enlarged sensory processing areas in their brains. Similarly, young children exposed to multiple languages develop larger language centers compared to their monolingual peers. Brain scans have revealed that the areas of the brain controlling finger movements are larger in musicians who began training at an early age than in those who started later. Additional studies have shown that children who read extensively develop bigger regions in the left cerebral cortex that are responsible for language processing. The key finding is that the developing brain’s architecture adapts and grows based on the experiences and stimulation it receives during critical early periods.

13번 지문(문항 번호 33번)

Psychological studies have shown how experienced teachers often fail to accurately assess the challenges their students face in learning new concepts. In a 1996 study, Borko and Putnam demonstrated that veteran mathematics teachers often underestimate the difficulties their students face when learning new algebraic principles. This phenomenon, known as expert blindness, causes skilled individuals to lose sight of the complexities newcomers encounter. The research indicates that as teachers become more proficient, they tend to misjudge the cognitive demands of basic skill acquisition and how challenging these skills are to master. They have difficulty remembering their own struggles when they learned these same concepts. To overcome this cognitive bias, effective educators must consider the learning from a beginner’s perspective rather than relying on their own perspective of the subject matter.

14번 지문(문항 번호 34번)

roup meetings often fall prey to what researchers call groupthink—a phenomenon that occurs when the desire for harmony leads to irrational decision-making. To counter this, organizations are increasingly turning to a method called structured dissent. This approach begins with individuals privately articulating their thoughts on a given challenge. The ideas are collected and circulated throughout the team without disclosing who came up with them. Each team member independently reviews and critiques all ideas before any collective discussion. Only then does the team assemble to debate the merits of various perspectives. By assessing and organizing ideas anonymously prior to group conversation, teams can minimize social pressure and bias. This ensures that unique insights aren’t lost due to interpersonal dynamics or status considerations, allowing truly innovative solutions to surface.

15번 지문(문항 번호 35번)

Collaborative learning environments have transformed how students engage with complex material. In one notable study, students were divided into teams, with each team member assigned a unique segment of a complex problem. Students were required to thoroughly understand their section and then share their knowledge with other team members. It was discovered that students in collaborative settings demonstrated greater comprehension of key concepts compared to those using traditional learning methods. This result stems from the fact that each student's success is dependent on their teammates' understanding. Creating opportunities for such structured collaboration encouraged students to articulate their specialized understanding.

16번 지문(문항 번호 36번)

Electric vehicles (EVs) are widely celebrated as a major step toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. However, the environmental benefits of EVs are not as straightforward as commonly presented. While EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, their environmental impact depends largely on how the electricity used to charge them is generated. In many regions where electricity comes primarily from the burning of coal or other fossil fuels, the emissions are simply shifted from vehicles to power plants. A study found that in regions highly dependent on coal power, the lifecycle emissions of an electric vehicle could be slightly higher than those of an efficient gasoline car. Furthermore, the production of EV batteries requires substantial mining of rare minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. This mining process causes land disruption, deforestation, and water pollution. Producing a single EV battery can require processing tens of thousands of pounds of ore.

17번 지문(문항 번호 37번)

The introduction of non-native species can severely disrupt established ecosystems. The brown tree snake invasion of Guam is a clear example. Accidentally brought to the island via military cargo ships after World War II, the snakes encountered a paradise of unsuspecting prey that had never evolved defenses against snake predation. These predators reached lengths of up to three meters and could climb trees, giving them access to bird nests. With no natural enemies and an abundance of prey, brown tree snake populations exploded to densities of up to 13,000 per square mile in some areas. By the 1980s, 10 of Guam's 12 native bird species had been completely eliminated from the wild. This loss of avian seed dispersers and insect controllers has triggered ripple effects throughout Guam's ecosystem, including dramatic increases in spider populations and declining forest regeneration.

18번 지문(문항 번호 38번)

Technology has changed education from the traditional classroom to a global, interconnected learning ecosystem. Online resources provide students with access to information that was once only available in specialized libraries or academic institutions. The development of interactive learning platforms allows for personalized education experiences that adapt to each student's pace and learning style. In other words, education has been democratized, since high-quality learning materials have been made available to anyone with an Internet connection. Digital skills, however, are not equally distributed across all age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds. Older generations often struggle with basic computer skills, while individuals from rural areas frequently lack access to advanced digital devices or digital literacy training. Without addressing these disparities, the promise of digital education remains unfulfilled for many learners. Educational institutions must develop comprehensive digital literacy programs to truly benefit all students equally.

19번 지문(문항 번호 39번)

Deforestation continues to be a major challenge that societies face worldwide. Global forest monitoring systems estimate that about 10 million hectares of forest are lost annually, primarily converted to agricultural land. This conversion process directly undermines global climate stability. This is particularly problematic because forests function as critical carbon sinks that absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere. When the forests are cleared, not only is their carbon storage capacity eliminated, but the stored carbon is also released back into the atmosphere, creating a dual negative impact on climate stability. However, international conservation efforts have demonstrated some success, with protected forest areas showing approximately 40 percent lower rates of deforestation than unprotected regions. To support these efforts, initiatives like REDD+ continue to offer financial incentives to developing nations, recognizing that preserving forests remains essential for maintaining global climate stability.

20번 지문(문항 번호 40번)

Over the past few decades, environmental scientists have documented and analyzed the increasing impact of plastic pollution on marine ecosystems. While most attention has focused on visible plastic waste, microplastics—particles smaller than 5 mm—pose an even more serious threat. These microscopic particles, including those invisible to the naked eye, have been found in the deepest ocean trenches and the most remote Arctic ice. Current waste management systems, though well-designed for handling larger debris, have proven ineffective when confronting these microscopic pollutants. Studies indicate that marine organisms frequently consume these particles, leading to bioaccumulation throughout the food chain. Despite growing awareness of this issue, numerous industrial processes continue to release microplastics into the environment. This situation calls for a fundamental shift in our approach to plastic production processes and waste management systems, putting the emphasis on prevention rather than cleanup.

21번 지문(문항 번호 41-42번)

People generally try to sustain a positive attitude, realizing that this contributes to a higher level of overall happiness. Nevertheless, research has shown that we have a natural tendency to focus more intently on bad experiences than on good ones and to think about them long after they have ended. Known as the negativity bias, this mindset is a remainder from the earliest periods of human history, when our ancestors endured a hostile environment with limited technology to aid them. In such a context, an increased awareness of potential threats and an urge to contemplate past risks was an evolutionary advantage. Those individuals who were not extremely careful of the dangers around them likely did not survive very long. This instinct plays a similar if less vital role today—our obsession with avoiding hazards and evaluating our responses to those encountered in the past leads to greater security in all areas of our life. Yet it is important to note that this psychological phenomenon can have an adverse impact on how we perceive and interact with the world. Most notably, it can interfere with rational decision-making, resulting in missed opportunities because our fear of negative outcomes prevents us from taking on challenges that offer significant rewards. The bias may also make it harder to form and maintain meaningful relationships, as we are constantly expecting the worst from other people and interpreting their actions in an unfavorable manner.

22번 지문(문항 번호 43-45번)

As the small sailboat skimmed across the waves, the student learning to operate the vessel looked around with great satisfaction. She had always wanted to sail, and now, after weeks of lessons, she was finally getting the hang of it. The instructor watched, taking great pride in her student's growing competence. Both felt a sense of peace as they admired the blue water around them. The calm ended suddenly when they heard a loud crackling sound and the ship's systems lost power. While the instructor tried to figure out the cause of the electrical problem, the student felt increasingly nervous. They were so far out to sea that she couldn't see the land, and the navigation equipment was no longer working. How could they get back if the power did not come back on? Her fears were realized when the instructor reported that the power could not be restored. But to the student's surprise, she did not offer to take over sailing the ship. Instead, she pointed out that this was an excellent learning opportunity. She turned to her student and said, “Try to stay calm and remember what I taught you about navigating.” She added, “You can do this!” The student took a deep breath and thought of everything she had learned. Checking the time and the position of the sun, she began sailing in the direction that she hoped would take them back to where they had started from. After what seemed like an eternity, she spotted the distant shore. And to her left was the distinctive hill that rose behind the sailing school.

박문여고 내신,

'현역 진학에 강한 학교'라는 데이터가 말해주는 것

박문여고의 성격을 가장 잘 보여주는 지표가 하나 있습니다. 졸업생의 현역 4년제 대학 진학률이 전국 581위, 상위 35%에 해당한다는 점입니다. 재수로 승부를 미루지 않고 고등학교 3년 안에 결과를 만들어내는 학생 비율이 높은 학교라는 뜻입니다.

이 숫자는 학습 전략에 직결됩니다. 현역 진학이 강하다는 것은 곧 내신과 학생부로 승부를 보는 수시 중심 구조가 작동하고 있다는 의미이기 때문입니다. 고1 1학기 첫 중간고사부터 누적되는 내신 평균이 그대로 지원 가능 대학을 결정하고, 수시 전형 대부분이 요구하는 수능 최저학력기준을 맞추기 위한 국어·수학·영어 관리가 함께 따라붙습니다.

학군 환경도 함께 봐야 합니다. 송도국제도시는 인천에서 교육열이 가장 높은 지역으로, 학원가가 촘촘하게 형성되어 있고 학부모의 입시 정보 수준도 높습니다. 학교 안에서의 경쟁은 인천 평균이 주는 인상보다 훨씬 밀도가 높다고 보는 것이 현실적입니다.

여기에 박문여고만의 특성이 하나 더 있습니다. 독서와 논술 교육이 교육과정에 편제된 학교라는 점입니다. 읽고 쓰는 훈련을 꾸준히 시키는 학교에서는 국어 시험이 단순 암기로 풀리지 않고, 서술형 답안의 완성도에서 등급이 갈립니다. 반대로 말하면 국어를 제대로 준비한 학생이 가장 큰 보상을 받는 구조이기도 합니다.

정리하면 박문여고 학생에게 필요한 것은 흔들림 없는 내신 등급 관리, 수능 최저를 받쳐줄 주요 과목 실력, 그리고 독서·논술 활동을 학생부 서사로 엮어내는 설계입니다.

국어 – 목동키국어영어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/mokdongkey

목동키국어영어학원은 고등 국어와 영어를 함께 지도하는 전문 학원입니다. '목동'은 대한민국 3대 학군으로 꼽히는 서울 양천구 목동의 이름이고, '키(KEY)'는 문제의 핵심을 여는 열쇠를 뜻합니다. 목동 학군에서 검증된 지도 방식으로 학생마다 막혀 있는 지점의 열쇠를 찾아주겠다는 의미입니다.

박문여고는 독서·논술 교육을 교육과정에 편제한 학교인 만큼, 국어 시험의 지문 수준이 높고 서술형 비중이 큽니다. 감으로 읽는 독해로는 등급이 나오지 않고, 근거를 짚어 읽는 훈련과 채점 기준을 정확히 맞춘 답안 작성이 필요합니다. 수시 중심 구조에서 국어 등급은 수능 최저 충족까지 좌우하는 과목이기도 합니다. 목동키국어영어학원은 박문여고 출제 경향에 맞춰 문학·독서(비문학)·문법 전 영역을 체계적으로 지도하고, 서술형 답안 첨삭과 수능 국어 연계 커리큘럼을 함께 운영합니다.

영어 – 글로리영어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/glory_english_

글로리영어학원은 송도에서 고등 영어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 영어 전문 학원입니다. '글로리(Glory)'는 영광을 뜻하는 말로, 3년의 노력이 끝내 합격이라는 영광으로 돌아오게 하겠다는 뜻을 담고 있습니다.

박문여고 영어 내신은 교과서 본문과 학교 부교재, 외부 지문까지 범위가 넓어 본문 암기만으로는 1등급 확보가 어렵습니다. 변형 문제 대응력과 서술형 영작의 정확도에서 등급이 갈립니다. 송도 학군 특성상 영어에 강한 학생이 많아 변별이 쉽지 않다는 점도 고려해야 합니다. 수능 영어가 절대평가인 점을 활용해 내신 등급 확보와 수능 최저용 1~2등급 안정화를 하나의 학습으로 묶는 것이 현역 진학이 강한 박문여고 학생에게 특히 효율적입니다. 글로리영어학원은 박문여고 기출 경향에 맞춰 어휘·구문·독해·본문 정밀 분석·서술형 영작을 단계별로 훈련하고, 내신 기간에는 학교별 집중 대비 수업을 별도 편성합니다.

수학 – 고수학학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/gomath6655

고수학학원은 송도에서 고등 수학 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 수학 전문 학원입니다. '고수학'이라는 이름에는 높은 수준의 수학(高數學)과 그 분야의 고수(高手)를 길러낸다는 두 가지 뜻이 함께 읽힙니다. 문제를 푸는 기술이 아니라 문제를 다루는 사람을 만들겠다는 지향입니다.

수학은 박문여고에서 등급 변별이 가장 크게 일어나는 과목이자, 수능 최저학력기준 충족을 가르는 결정적 과목입니다. 공통수학에서 대수·미적분Ⅰ·확률과 통계로 이어지는 흐름에서 한 번 구멍이 생기면 이후 단원 전체가 흔들리기 때문에, 무리한 선행보다 개념의 빈틈을 메우는 복습 설계가 우선입니다. 현역으로 승부를 보는 학교일수록 고1부터의 누적 관리가 중요합니다. 고수학학원은 박문여고 기출 분석을 바탕으로 개념 정리, 고난도 유형 훈련, 서술형 채점 기준에 맞는 풀이 작성, 수능 수학 연계 커리큘럼을 체계적으로 제공합니다.

과학 – 스터디브릭스 송도관

블로그: blog.naver.com/studybricks_corp

스터디브릭스 송도관은 송도에서 고등 과학 내신과 수능 과탐을 지도하는 학원입니다. '스터디브릭스(Study Bricks)'는 공부(Study)와 벽돌(Bricks)을 합친 이름으로, 벽돌을 한 장씩 쌓아 건물을 세우듯 개념을 차곡차곡 쌓아 실력을 세운다는 뜻을 담고 있습니다. 한 번에 무너지지 않는 구조를 만드는 공부를 지향합니다.

박문여고 과학 내신은 개념 이해와 탐구 적용, 서술형 답안 작성 능력이 고르게 요구됩니다. 선택 과목에 따라 물리학·화학·생명과학·지구과학의 조합이 갈리고, 수강 인원이 적은 과목일수록 한 문항의 실수가 등급을 통째로 바꿉니다. 이공계·의약계열 진로를 염두에 둔 학생이라면 내신 과학과 수능 과탐을 처음부터 연계해 설계하는 것이 시간을 가장 아끼는 방법입니다. 스터디브릭스 송도관은 단원별 핵심 개념 정리부터 박문여고 기출 분석, 서술형·탐구 실험 대비, 수능 과탐 연계까지 내실 있는 커리큘럼으로 진행합니다.

종합/입시 – 세정학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/bhs001967

세정학원은 박문여고 학생들의 내신과 입시를 통합 관리하는 종합 입시 학원입니다. '세정'이라는 이름에는 세상(世)으로 나아가는 바른(正) 길을 함께 정한다는 뜻이 읽힙니다. 성적을 올리는 데서 끝나지 않고 학생이 갈 길을 함께 설계하는 학원을 지향합니다.

박문여고는 현역 진학률이 높은 수시 중심 학교입니다. 전략이 비교적 명확한 만큼 실행의 정밀함이 결과를 가릅니다. 고1 첫 시험부터 누적되는 내신 평균 관리, 선택 과목 설계, 독서·논술 활동과 교과 세특을 하나의 서사로 엮는 작업, 수능 최저 충족을 위한 과목별 전략, 그리고 교과·학종·논술 중 어느 전형에 무게를 실을지의 판단까지가 모두 입시의 일부입니다. 세정학원은 박문여고 학생들에게 내신 기간별 과목 집중 수업, 선택 과목 설계 상담, 수시 학생부·세특 관리, 면접 준비, 수능 최저 대비 로드맵, 정시 지원 전략까지 통합 지원합니다.

박문여고 내신,

3년 안에 결과를 만드는 학교의 전략은 다릅니다

박문여고는 1940년 소화고등여학교로 출발해 85년을 이어온 가톨릭 미션스쿨이자, 2015년 송도국제도시로 이전해 인천 최고 학군 한가운데 자리 잡은 여자고등학교입니다. 진·선·미를 교훈으로 독서와 논술을 교육과정에 담아온 학교답게 국어의 무게가 크고, 현역 4년제 진학률이 전국 상위 35%에 드는 수시 중심의 학교이기도 합니다. 3년 안에 결과를 내는 구조에서는 첫 시험 한 번의 무게가 다릅니다. 박문여고 출제 경향을 정확히 아는 과목별 전문 학원을 만나는 것이 그 출발점입니다.

더메이킹스에서 박문여고 맞춤 학원 목록을 확인해 보세요.

👉 학교별 맞춤 학원 찾기 – 더메이킹스

https://themakings.co.kr/398

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

The expression never settle for good enough is used in many fields, from sports to business. If you want to achieve difficult goals, you can't really have a complacent mindset that accepts the status quo. You have to be ready to work longer, give more effort, and take on more responsibilities than what is normally required. Consider a professional basketball player, for instance. The coach expects the player to practice two hours a day and perform well in games. But if the player wants to win the championship, he or she must train more frequently and with greater intensity, study the other teams' strategies to find an advantage, and step up as a leader to ensure every player's full commitment to the shared goal. Does this guarantee that the team will win the championship? No. But embracing the unseen grind will certainly put the player and the team in a better position than just following the expected path.

① The writer argues that extra effort makes a championship win certain.

② The phrase "never settle for good enough" is used in fields ranging from sports to business.

③ Reaching hard goals requires giving more effort than is normally demanded.

④ A complacent mindset that accepts the status quo is seen as an obstacle to difficult goals.

⑤ Taking on the unseen grind places a team in a stronger position.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문은 추가적 노력의 중요성을 강조하면서도, 그 노력이 가져오는 결과의 확실성에 대해 명확한 한계를 밝힌다. 특히 지문이 스스로 던지는 자문자답 형식의 질문을 정확히 읽는 것이 핵심이다.

지문은 ”Does this guarantee that the team will win the championship? No.”라고 명시한다. 즉, 추가적 노력이 우승을 ”보장하지 않는다(does not guarantee)”는 것이다. 노력은 더 나은 위치에 놓아줄 뿐, 결과를 확정짓지는 않는다.

따라서 저자가 추가적 노력이 챔피언십 우승을 ”확실하게 만든다(makes certain)”고 주장한다는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ①번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 추가적 노력이 챔피언십 우승을 ”보장하는가?”라는 질문에 ”아니다(No)”라고 명확히 답하는 반면, ①번은 저자가 추가적 노력이 우승을 ”확실하게 만든다(makes certain)”고 주장한다고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 능수능란 직독직해 영어 12회 기본 직독직해 9회 변형 문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한

능수능란 직독직해 영어 12회 기본 직독직해 9회의 지문입니다.

1번 지문(문항 번호 18번)

I've long admired your gallery's commitment to diverse forms of artistic expression. Your space has hosted so many great exhibitions, and I hope to add to that legacy. Recently, I've been organizing a photography exhibition titled World Travel Photos that will take place at the end of this year. Over 10 photographers have agreed to participate in the exhibition. It will require a large space to showcase all their works. I'm particularly interested in your gallery's South Hall, which I believe is the perfect size for my upcoming exhibition. I would like to inquire if it's available for rent in December. It would be an honor to hold this exhibition there. I hope to hear back from you soon.

2번 지문(문항 번호 19번)

I had almost finished preparing for my husband's birthday party. The dining room looked really cheerful with the balloons and banner on the wall, and I knew my hard work had been worth it. "You did a great job," my daughter said. I smiled proudly in response. Just then, the doorbell rang. It was the caterer with the food for the party. She brought everything into the dining room and began setting up. But the food she put on the table was not what I had ordered. I couldn't believe my eyes. I had requested several of my husband's favorite dishes, and none of them were there. I asked the caterer if she could fix the order before my husband got home. Unfortunately, there was not enough time. With guests arriving in 30 minutes, the perfect surprise party I had spent weeks planning was ruined.

3번 지문(문항 번호 20번)

Many people refuse to attempt certain types of activities because they feel that failure is inevitable. They argue that they are simply not hardwired for them. People with this mindset might refuse to take tennis lessons because they think they are bad at sports or avoid studying a foreign language because they worry they aren't smart enough. These individuals blame their own traits for their unwillingness to broaden their horizons. They have already decided what they are good or bad at and cannot conceive of these abilities ever changing. But the truth is that our characteristics are not fixed in stone. Who you are now is just a starting point, and your abilities will improve if you take on new challenges. Moving out of your comfort zone is scary but necessary. Otherwise, you will never grow, and your weaknesses will remain a part of you forever.

4번 지문(문항 번호 21번)

The expression never settle for good enough is used in many fields, from sports to business. If you want to achieve difficult goals, you can't really have a complacent mindset that accepts the status quo. You have to be ready to work longer, give more effort, and take on more responsibilities than what is normally required. Consider a professional basketball player, for instance. The coach expects the player to practice two hours a day and perform well in games. But if the player wants to win the championship, he or she must train more frequently and with greater intensity, study the other teams' strategies to find an advantage, and step up as a leader to ensure every player's full commitment to the shared goal. Does this guarantee that the team will win the championship? No. But embracing the unseen grind will certainly put the player and the team in a better position than just following the expected path.

5번 지문(문항 번호 22번)

Writing a story set in a different culture requires careful research. To a limited extent, an author can gain familiarity with another culture by reading up-to-date reference materials such as books and online articles, but these provide only a superficial understanding. Unless great care is taken to fully comprehend the beliefs and customs of the group you are presenting, you run the risk of making flawed assumptions that promote harmful stereotypes. Unlike factual details that can be easily verified, cultural nuances are complex and often misinterpreted by outsiders. Consulting with someone who belongs to the culture you intend to portray will ensure that your content is not seen as insensitive, or worse, disrespectful. An insider's perspective can be vital if you are on the outside looking in.

6번 지문(문항 번호 23번)

Almost everything in your body, from your organs to your bones and muscles, is protected by your skin. This outer covering serves as a barrier that stops harmful microorganisms from entering. It also does what is needed to maintain an ideal body temperature, releasing excess heat when you get hot and preventing its escape when you are cold. What this means is that the condition of your skin has a direct connection to your health in general. Poor skin health can be a reflection of problems occurring elsewhere in the body. In fact, the skin often provides doctors with information about health issues. For example, discolored skin can be a sign of kidney or liver disease, while small bumps on the skin around the eyes may indicate high cholesterol, which increases the risk of a heart attack.

7번 지문(문항 번호 24번)

People tense up in the face of danger, such as when they narrowly avoid a traffic accident or when a large dog barks at them. This is due to something called the fight-or-flight response. Why do we experience this? The answer lies in our nervous system, which reacts to perceived danger by releasing hormones like adrenaline. These chemicals prepare our body for immediate action by increasing heart rate, accelerating breathing, and reducing pain sensitivity. The end result is that we are primed to either confront a threat or run away from it. The ability to react instantly to predators was a crucial advantage for our early ancestors, greatly increasing their chances of survival. In our modern environment, however, deadly threats are relatively rare, so the fight-or-flight response is activated more often in response to everyday stressors. It's like how a sensitive alarm system might trigger a full emergency response for a minor issue.

8번 지문(문항 번호 26번)

Mary McLeod Bethune was born to former slaves in South Carolina. Benefiting from policies aimed at educating African-Americans after the Civil War, she attended a boarding school in North Carolina. After graduation, she moved to Florida where she opened a training school for African-American girls. She struggled at first due to a lack of funding and had to work tirelessly to encourage contributions and gain support from members of the community. Eventually, her school became a success, and in 1929, it merged with another educational institution to become an authorized college. Bethune's efforts to promote education and to improve racial relations resulted in her gaining national recognition. She went on to found the National Council of Negro Women, an organization devoted to the interests of African-American women. In 1936, President Roosevelt appointed her as the administrative assistant for a national youth organization.

9번 지문(문항 번호 29번)

Humans have an innate preference for living in groups. For the earliest humans, this preference was necessary for survival. Hunting and gathering in groups was more efficient and provided greater food security than doing so alone. The collective size of the group also kept predators away. Furthermore, living in groups enabled individuals to support each other during times of need. If group members became sick or injured and were left without care, they would likely die, which could weaken the group as a whole by reducing its numbers and capabilities. However, within a supportive group, such individuals were given intensive care until they recovered, helping preserve both their lives and the group’s overall strength. Different members had different strengths, so individuals came to rely on one another for what each did well. This interdependence encouraged the development of skills, including basic communication and empathy, to maintain the harmony of the group and avoid conflicts. Unresolved conflicts threatened the group’s unity and, consequently, the safety of each of its members.

10번 지문(문항 번호 30번)

The term activism can create a negative impression because many people believe that it is associated with aggressive behavior. This perception stems from misrepresentation by the media. Activists are frequently portrayed as holding extreme viewpoints and engaging in disruptive activities. This leads to the obvious question: does activism actually encourage violence? The simple answer is no—the goal of activism is to fight injustices for a better future, and there are a broad range of ways to achieve this. While demonstrations do occur, peaceful methods such as online campaigns to attract public attention are becoming more common. This is because activists know that the obstacles they face can be overcome only through sustained public engagement and support. So the focus of activism is on educating the public about the need to address important social, political, and economic issues. In other words, activists attempt to motivate all members of society to work together toward the greater good.

11번 지문(문항 번호 31번)

Visual information plays an important role in ensuring that we are meeting our bodily needs. This was established by a recent experiment based on the research of psychologist Charles Spence. It involved altering the environment of a yoga class. During the first session, the room in which the class was held was decorated as usual. For the second session, however, “visual thirst prompts” such as warm colors and images of water and hot deserts were added to the walls. During each session, the class was observed closely to determine if these prompts had any effect on behavior. The results of the experiment showed that when participants were exposed to visual cues encouraging fluid consumption, they drank approximately 80 percent more water without any instruction. This research reveals how our visual system unconsciously processes environmental information and adjusts our behavior accordingly. If what we see while exercising motivates us to drink, we can avoid dehydration.

12번 지문(문항 번호 32번)

In an experiment, a group of participants was asked to read statements presenting interesting facts like “an ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain” and then type each statement into a separate computer file. These were randomly saved in six different folders with generic names such as “Facts.” The participants were then given 10 minutes to write down as many of the statements as they could recall. Once this was done, they were instructed to indicate which folder each statement had been saved into. When the researchers examined the results, a clear pattern emerged. The participants were able to more accurately recollect where a statement had been saved than what information it included. This indicates that when we believe data can be accessed on a computer, our brain focuses on location rather than content. In other words, we have a tendency to view digital devices as extensions of our memory.

13번 지문(문항 번호 33번)

Psychologist Klaus Conrad discovered that humans are prone to seeing connections between unrelated events. Consider how we interpret everyday events. When we experience a series of minor inconveniences—forgetting an umbrella, missing the bus, or spilling coffee—we often conclude we’re having an “unlucky day.” We then expect more negative events to follow and adapt our behavior, perhaps avoiding important decisions or new ventures. Similarly, a string of positive events might make us feel we’re on a lucky streak, encouraging us to take more risks. Although the relationships we see among random events have no real basis, having a brain constantly seeking patterns made it easier for our early ancestors to stay alive in a hostile world. Those who kept associating rustling grass with predators—even when wrong most of the time—lived longer than those who failed to make such connections. In effect, our urge to create links between isolated events was once important to our survival.

14번 지문(문항 번호 34번)

The 17th-century philosopher John Locke’s empiricism is most easily understood by considering the process of learning. Locke explored the question: how is it that we increase our understanding of the world? Earlier philosophers claimed that we are born with certain innate ideas that give us the capacity to reason and that this ability is the basis of everything we come to know. Locke firmly rejected this premise, proposing instead the concept of the tabula rasa, which means “blank slate” in Latin. According to Locke’s theory, our minds are like an empty piece of paper at first. It is through the observations that we make during our interactions with the world around us—as well as our reflections on these—that this piece of paper gradually fills up with our knowledge until we develop our overall comprehension of the world. What Locke meant is that learning must be perceived as knowledge acquired through experience.

15번 지문(문항 번호 35번)

Persistence is key to achieving goals. However, some people prioritize their goals above all else, letting other parts of life fall by the wayside. The problem with this single-minded persistence is that it fails to prepare you for life's surprises; it applies to only one set of conditions. So when the conditions in your life suddenly change, you will feel unequipped to adapt to them and stay focused on your goals. That's why psychologists recommend a flexible approach that integrates goals with other aspects of your life, such as your passions and interests. When faced with obstacles, this flexibility can help you find different paths by going around, over, under, or through them. In this way, progress toward goals can be maintained through life's challenges.

16번 지문(문항 번호 36번)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental condition that leads to great hardship for the people who suffer from it. Researchers have recently found that the cause of OCD may be rooted in the delicate relationship between two key chemicals in the brain. The first of these chemicals promotes neural activity. It stimulates nerve cells called neurons, with the result that they are more likely to exchange information in the form of electrical impulses. For this reason, it is classified as an excitatory neurotransmitter. In contrast, the other chemical has a calming effect. It blocks signals between nerve cells, preventing them from becoming too active. As the level of one chemical increases, the level of the other decreases—much like how a seesaw moves up and down. Given these differences, the proper function of the brain is dependent on the right balance between these two chemicals. If there is too much of the first and not enough of the second, a person is much more likely to develop OCD.

17번 지문(문항 번호 37번)

Virtual assistants have become commonplace today. Yet until fairly recently, limitations on the extent to which people were able to interact with this technology created an obstacle to its widespread use. Like many early digital technologies, virtual assistants were initially able to process input in only two ways. Users either had to select an option, such as from a menu, or type a specific text command. For people needing to access the technology while their hands were occupied with other tasks, this was extremely inconvenient. The incorporation of voice-recognition technology made things easier for people in these types of situations. Unfortunately, virtual assistants still proved frustrating to use, for the range of acceptable voice commands was limited, and the technology often struggled to comprehend individual speech patterns. This issue has largely been addressed by the development of artificial intelligence software with natural language processing. Users of virtual assistants can now speak in a conversational tone without needing to follow strict command formats.

18번 지문(문항 번호 38번)

During World War II, the US had to send millions of tons of food overseas to feed its troops, resulting in significant food shortages at home, particularly of fresh produce. To ensure that civilians had enough to eat, a program was implemented to promote the creation of community gardens. Residents were encouraged to grow fruits and vegetables in suitable locations such as school grounds and public parks. To help them succeed, they were provided with equipment, seeds, and pesticides, as well as access to gardening classes and instructional materials. The program was highly effective, with over eight million tons of food having been produced by the time the war ended in 1945. Despite the overall success of the program, almost all of the community gardens faced the threat of abandonment once the war ended. Specifically, as the national food supply recovered, people began to associate these gardens with wartime hardships and lost interest in maintaining them.

19번 지문(문항 번호 39번)

For the first eight years after its formation in 1972, the New York Islanders never won the National Hockey League championship. The team made it to the semi-finals many times but was always eliminated before it could win the big prize. The Islanders seemed to follow the same pattern each year, dominating during the regular season and then disappointing fans in the playoffs. So, at the end of the regular season, the members of the team decided not to shave their beards until they had either achieved victory or been eliminated. The situation finally changed for the better in 1980 when this superstitious tradition began just before the playoffs started. As the players' facial hair got longer and longer, the team defeated all opponents in each round of the playoffs before winning the championship. Maintaining this tradition, the Islanders went on to be champions for four years in a row, and now playoff beards are grown by most professional hockey players.

20번 지문(문항 번호 40번)

Researchers at a British university conducted an experiment on the relationship between the presence of a particular scent and visual perception. In the experiment, participants were situated in an isolated room with no sensory stimuli. They were seated in front of a screen displaying a greyish color patch while the researchers released various scents into the room. Then the participants were asked to modify the patch until they achieved a color they perceived as neutral grey using two adjustable sliders: one controlling the yellow-to-blue spectrum and the other controlling the red-to-green spectrum. The findings showed that when exposed to the scent of cherry, participants tended to adjust the color to a more red-brown version of grey, while the scent of caramel led them to select a yellow-brown version of grey. According to the researchers, these findings suggest that our brains process and integrate multiple sensory inputs to grasp our environmental context more clearly and that visually-based perceptions can be influenced by other factors, including smell.

21번 지문(문항 번호 41-42번)

When all decision-making is in the hands of executives, the entire organization can suffer. For one thing, it causes delays as approval from higher levels of management can take time. For another, executives are often out of touch with the day-to-day operations of the company. In fact, it is their employees on the front lines who possess practical knowledge of the business. When it's time to make a decision, they are the ones with the most valuable insights to offer. I remember the story of a navy captain who was suddenly transferred to a nuclear submarine. While his crew was familiar with the ship's technical details, when the captain first arrived, he was not. Yet despite not being fully informed, he issued orders for the sailors to carry out. After ordering his crew to do something technically impossible and seeing that they still attempted to comply, he realized that his leadership model needed to change or everyone would be in danger. He pushed for leadership at every level of the submarine, allowing each person on board to be accountable for his or her own decisions. Following this, the vessel underwent a change for the better. Having had a reputation for its poor performance, low retention rate, and lack of morale, it began to win awards and numerous officers were promoted. This suggests that decentralizing the decision-making process and giving autonomy to employees in the workplace can lead to improvements overall.

22번 지문(문항 번호 43-45번)

A baker named Cora was famous for her exquisite cakes. People came from far and wide to buy them and were willing to pay high prices. This made Evelyn, a rival baker, jealous. Evelyn also had many customers, but she wanted her cakes to be as good as Cora's. She tried every possible combination of ingredients she could think of, but she just couldn't match Cora's talent. One day, Evelyn decided to visit Cora's bakery to discover her secret. As Evelyn looked at all the beautiful cakes on display there, she noticed a recipe book lying on the counter. Cora was nowhere to be seen, so Evelyn carefully reached for the book. However, just as she was about to open it, Cora appeared. “Hi, Evelyn. Are you looking for something?” Startled, she quickly withdrew her hands. Cora smiled and added, “I shouldn't be leaving this out, should I?” “No, you shouldn't. I was just looking at your cakes. I should get going now.” Evelyn left the bakery hastily, upset at not being fast enough. But Cora knew what had almost happened. She prepared a new recipe book filled with ingredients that would ruin any cake. She left this fake recipe book right on the counter. The next day, Evelyn came by again. She spotted the book immediately, quickly grabbing it and running away without Cora having turned around. Evelyn followed the recipes in the book, sure that business would soon improve. For the first few days, it did because her cakes looked exactly like Cora's. However, after people began to buy the cakes, a realization set in: They had an awful taste. It wasn't long until she lost all her customers. “I don't understand. I've been using the same ingredients as Cora! How could this have happened?” she said to herself, watching her customers, even the loyal ones, going to Cora's.

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

No one is without value. A quote often attributed to British writer A. A. Milne, “Weeds are flowers too, once you get to know them,” highlights this sentiment perfectly. Think about how we view weeds in a flower bed. On the surface, they may lack the beauty of the flowers around them, and therefore, we fail to appreciate them. But even if their value is not obvious at first, it's there. Weeds can be hardy, resilient, and even beautiful in their own way. Just as weeds are seen as unwanted intruders in a garden, some people in our communities are overlooked or dismissed. However, those we might initially overlook often possess the same qualities, or even more remarkable ones. If we take the time to get to know them, we might find that they are beautiful in their own right.

① The passage opens with the claim that no one is without value.

② Weeds in a flower bed may seem to lack the beauty of the flowers around them.

③ Weeds can be hardy and resilient, and beautiful in a way of their own.

④ Some people in our communities are overlooked much as weeds are treated as intruders.

⑤ The worth of a weed is plain from the very first look, which is why it is valued.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지는 ”가치는 처음에는 드러나지 않지만, 알아가면 발견할 수 있다"는 것이다. 특히 잡초의 가치가 언제 인식되는지를 정확히 파악하는 것이 핵심이다. 지문은 ”even if their value is not obvious at first, it’s there”라고 명시한다. 즉, 잡초의 가치는 "처음에는 분명하지 않다(not obvious at first)" — 첫눈에 드러나는 것이 아니라 알아가는 과정을 통해 비로소 발견되는 것이다. 따라서 잡초의 가치가 "처음 보자마자 분명하며(plain from the very first look)" 그래서 ”가치 있게 여겨진다(valued)”고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ⑤번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 잡초의 가치가 ”처음에는 분명하지 않다(not obvious at first)”고 서술하는 반면, ⑤번은 ”처음 보자마자 분명하다(plain from the very first look)”고 정반대로 서술했다. 지문의 핵심 메시지는 가치가 즉시 드러나는 것이 아니라 "알아가는 시간을 들여야(once you get to know them)" 발견된다는 것이다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 능수능란 직독직해 영어 12회 기본 직독직해 8회 변형 문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한

능수능란 직독직해 영어 12회 기본 직독직해 8회의 지문입니다.

1번 지문(문항 번호 18번)

Dear Katherine Collins,

The LitFest Community is honored and delighted to invite you to our annual Book Fair. This event will take place on March 15 at the Pontiff Convention Center. This year, we will welcome a diverse group of participants, including bookstore owners, publishers, and renowned authors. The fair will feature an impressive collection of newly published books, as well as engaging readings by some of the authors and inspiring lectures by experts in the publishing industry. As an attendee, you will have the opportunity not only to meet your favorite authors but also to attend lectures on the latest trends in literature. We hope you can make it to this special event, and we are looking forward to welcoming you.

Regards, Lily Williams, LitFest Community Events Organizer

2번 지문(문항 번호 19번)

As the clock struck midnight, Josh was lying in bed in his small cabin. The only light came from a single, flickering candle that cast long shadows across the floor. The power had gone out hours earlier due to the storm. He tried to go to sleep, but every time the wind howled outside, the cabin creaked loudly. Then he heard it—a soft whisper. He sat up, frozen in his bed. “Am I imagining things?” he wondered. Then he heard it again, and this time he saw the old rocking chair on the other side of the room begin to move. Josh's heart raced, and he pulled the covers over his head. He knew he wasn't alone in the cabin.

3번 지문(문항 번호 20번)

In many situations, you'll find yourself disagreeing with others about a topic or point of view. Sometimes, you'll feel compelled to express this disagreement. However, simply stating that you do not agree with their opinion or idea is not constructive. All it does is bring any chance of a meaningful dialogue or a resolution to a complete standstill. Instead, it's crucial not only to explain why you disagree but also to provide an alternative solution or perspective. By taking this approach, you invite others to consider your point of view and engage in logical thinking about the situation rather than simply reject your position outright.

4번 지문(문항 번호 21번)

No one is without value. A quote often attributed to British writer A. A. Milne, “Weeds are flowers too, once you get to know them,” highlights this sentiment perfectly. Think about how we view weeds in a flower bed. On the surface, they may lack the beauty of the flowers around them, and therefore, we fail to appreciate them. But even if their value is not obvious at first, it's there. Weeds can be hardy, resilient, and even beautiful in their own way. Just as weeds are seen as unwanted intruders in a garden, some people in our communities are overlooked or dismissed. However, those we might initially overlook often possess the same qualities, or even more remarkable ones. If we take the time to get to know them, we might find that they are beautiful in their own right.

5번 지문(문항 번호 22번)

Whatever the situation, it can be dangerous to put too much confidence in your own understanding of the world as, whether you are aware of it or not, you have biases that stem from your personal background. It may be difficult to overcome these biases, but the first step is acknowledging that they exist. Perceiving the biases you have can lead to a deeper understanding of yourself and why you might possess certain attitudes toward others. It can also bring about a change in your behavior because you may question comments you might otherwise make or actions you might take. However, if you fail to recognize your biases, you risk making decisions that are not fully informed or that unfairly favor your own perspective over others. This lack of awareness can cause distrust, misunderstandings, and unethical behavior.

6번 지문(문항 번호 23번)

Seasonal eating is catching on among modern consumers, as more and more people choose to consume local foods that have recently been harvested. Produce picked at its peak contains the most nutrients. According to dietician nutritionist Kelsey Lorencz, leafy greens lose almost 50 percent of their original vitamin C after transport, storage, and three days of sitting on the grocery store shelf. But nutrition is not the only argument for adopting this eating practice. Some people make this choice out of concern for the planet. This is because opting for out-of-season fruits and vegetables—rather than fresh, locally sourced ones—requires transportation across long distances, which increases carbon emissions. Others turn to seasonal eating to support the local economy. By purchasing directly from farmers, they keep their money in the community, helping to strengthen local businesses and create jobs.

7번 지문(문항 번호 24번)

Challenging conventions can help us develop. Most people are reluctant to break anything they think of as a rule in their life, though, as they fear what will happen. And of course, there are consequences for our actions. Break the rules, and you may lose your job, get kicked out of school, or cause irreparable damage to your reputation. Going against the grain can complicate your life. Yet following rules without ever questioning them cannot be the best decision either. Often, rules are established based on situations that may become irrelevant at some point. Continuing to blindly accept them, even when you feel they are wrong, is like acknowledging that you have no desire for change. But when you put yourself at risk of any consequences you might face by defying an established norm, you step outside your comfort zone and open yourself up to new experiences. Progress has always come from those brave enough to challenge the existing order.

8번 지문(문항 번호 26번)

The panda plant, whose scientific name is Kalanchoe tomentosa, is a unique-looking succulent. It has a thick stem that supports dense, grayish-green leaves covered with velvety hairs. Each leaf is edged with dark brown spots, giving the plant an animal-like appearance. The plant is native to Madagascar, where it can grow to about three feet high. Its appearance makes it a popular houseplant. When it is kept indoors, it usually reaches only one or two feet because its growth is limited by the size of its container. When it blooms in its natural habitat, it produces small, yellow-green flowers at the tips of its branches during the summer. As an indoor plant, though, the panda plant rarely flowers.

9번 지문(문항 번호 29번)

In the 1950s, Franco Modigliani and Richard Brumberg developed an economic theory known as the life-cycle hypothesis. It suggests that borrowing money in one's youth and saving during one's peak earning years is a way for individuals to maintain consistent spending levels throughout their lives. The money saved during the years when individuals earn the most is then used to support them in retirement. The hypothesis describes a situation in which the relationship between income, savings, and spending is perfectly balanced. This balance is not always realistic, however, because the model fails to account for unexpected financial challenges. What happens if people earning a substantial amount of money in their peak years spend more of it than they should and suddenly lose their job? More likely than not, they will not be able to maintain the same spending level going forward.

10번 지문(문항 번호 30번)

In early human history, anxiety may have served as a crucial tool for social development. Around 40,000 years ago, early humans experienced incredible cultural and cognitive progress. They developed a more complex neural system that allowed for conscious emotions like anxiety, beyond the basic fear responses found in other mammals. During this period, human societies began to expand rapidly; simple family units became part of much larger communities. Living in the bigger groups required intense cooperation and mutual trust. Without these qualities, social rejection was a constant threat. The anxiety that came from fearing exclusion from the group strengthened social bonds and created behavioral norms. To gain access to shared resources, protection, and knowledge, individuals had to remain consistently aware of their community's expectations and standards.

11번 지문(문항 번호 31번)

Sometimes, it is slow production that leads to a higher-quality product. The manufacturing industry has rushed to adopt fully automated production lines, believing that speed and efficiency are the only paths to success. But taking more time in production can actually boost profitability. Take artisanal food companies, for example. While cheap, mass-produced items flood the market, handcrafted products with careful attention to detail command premium prices. Workers can focus more on quality, creativity, and their own techniques, resulting in products that customers are willing to pay significantly more for. The ability to focus on their craft, which may become a tradition passed down for generations, can lead to an increase in employee satisfaction and product quality.

12번 지문(문항 번호 32번)

Researchers have argued that humans developed dance as a survival strategy. We are social beings, and our continued existence depended on forming alliances with others. Two groups of early humans could meet at territorial boundaries, each uncertain of the other's intentions. How could they signal peaceful purposes? What specific actions could show trustworthiness? By engaging in synchronized movement, the groups could communicate emotions and intentions without needing words. Coordinated dancing would have been nearly impossible to fake, making it a reliable signal of cooperation. The act of moving together to a rhythm could break down barriers and potentially even turn major differences into harmless competition. Collective security required cooperation, and this is where dance became essential.

13번 지문(문항 번호 33번)

One major misconception about productivity is that doing more tasks at once makes us more efficient. However, when you multitask, you inadvertently decrease your productivity because switching back and forth between tasks requires the brain to work harder to refocus each time. Research shows that doing this all day could possibly make you 40 percent less productive than if you had single-tasked. People who engage in one task at a time work without interruptions or distractions, so they are able to avoid exerting as much mental energy. It's not that we are incapable of handling multiple tasks, or that our brains lack the necessary capacity, but that we waste our cognitive resources by attempting to perform two or more tasks simultaneously.

14번 지문(문항 번호 34번)

A study at the American University in Dubai has demonstrated that we learn more effectively when we actively take part in constructing our own knowledge. The students involved in the study experienced a complete departure from traditional lecture-based instruction. Instead of passively receiving information from their instructors, the students actively engaged in hands-on activities, watched educational videos, visited galleries, and most importantly, had discussions amongst themselves in which they raised their own questions and ultimately found the answers themselves. The instructor's role was limited to providing minimal guidance and support when absolutely necessary. This method not only made learning more engaging for the students but also deepened their understanding of the material while helping them develop independent problem-solving abilities.

15번 지문(문항 번호 35번)

The law of reciprocity suggests that when someone does something for us, we feel compelled to return the favor. This principle was demonstrated through an experiment conducted by Professor Dennis Regan in 1971, known as the Coca-Cola experiment. First, each participant was left alone to observe paintings in a room where Regan's assistant Joe was having a telephone conversation. Joe was instructed to act either politely or rudely to the person on the other end of the line, creating different impressions among participants. During a break, Joe would leave the room and sometimes return with a Coca-Cola, offering it to the participant as a gesture of goodwill. Later, when Joe asked each participant to purchase raffle tickets, it was found that participants who had been given a soft drink bought twice as many raffle tickets as those who had not.

16번 지문(문항 번호 36번)

Instead of treating others as you would like to be treated, try following the Platinum Rule: Treat others as they would like to be treated. While this rule sounds simple enough, we should know that everyone is different and that what is preferable for one person may not be for another. However, we often fail to demonstrate our awareness of this knowledge in practice, assuming that what is desirable for ourselves will also be desirable for others. That is to say, we may unconsciously impose our own values and beliefs on others, which can lead to misunderstandings, discomfort, and even conflict, especially when our values and beliefs are significantly different from theirs. To avoid such frustrating outcomes and build stronger connections, it is necessary to make a genuine effort to understand others' points of view without being judgmental or immediately responding with our own perspective.

17번 지문(문항 번호 37번)

In a study, researchers held a bake sale, displaying cupcakes on a table. However, the price of the cupcakes was not listed, so customers had to stop and ask how much they cost. Depending on the timing, they would get one of two responses to their question. Sometimes, the researchers were straightforward and said that the cupcakes were 75 cents each. Other times, they would say that the price of the cupcakes had been lowered from a dollar to 75 cents. When customers were simply told how much the cupcakes were with no mention of a change in price, a purchase was made less than half the time. In contrast, when customers believed the price had been reduced, over 70 percent of them made a purchase. There was no actual difference in price since both scenarios offered the cupcakes at 75 cents. The reason people purchased the cupcakes more frequently in the second case was that the perception of receiving a special deal strongly encourages spending.

18번 지문(문항 번호 38번)

Numerous studies have shown that consuming dietary fiber can lead to various health benefits, including lower cholesterol levels and more stable blood sugar levels. The connection between consuming enough fiber each day and good digestive health is also well established. In fact, some experts recommend that adults get between 22 and 34 grams of fiber a day in order to have regular bowel movements. However, eating this much fiber to improve digestion can cause a number of unpleasant side effects. One study from 2022 showed that high-fiber foods can cause uncomfortable gas and bloating in some people. In addition, it was found that excessive fiber intake can prevent important vitamins and minerals from being absorbed, especially by people with conditions like Crohn's disease. The evidence suggests that the amount of fiber one eats should be tailored to one's specific health needs.

19번 지문(문항 번호 39번)

There are certain ways of recognizing employees that do more for morale than you might expect. For example, a marketing firm I used to work for had an entertaining way of celebrating employee achievements. The manager would bring out a large prize wheel, like the type you might see in a game show, whenever he wanted to reward someone. When we saw him drag the massive prop out of his office and ask the lucky staff member to give it a spin, everyone would stop what they were doing to watch. Despite the interruption, we couldn't help but laugh, and this created an amazingly positive atmosphere in the office. The excitement of having coworkers gather around and cheer you on made even the smallest form of recognition feel special. I still remember how eager everyone became to earn their turn at the prize wheel.

20번 지문(문항 번호 40번)

Louis Deslauriers conducted a study at Harvard University to determine whether student participation in classroom activities led to enhanced learning. Students taking an introductory physics class were divided into two groups with different instructors. During each session, both groups learned the same subject matter, but one was taught using hands-on activities while the other listened to a traditional lecture. The instructional method for each group alternated from class to class for a period of several weeks. When the students were later tested, they scored higher on exam sections covering material that they had learned through active engagement. Surprisingly, this result did not match the students' expectations. Prior to the exam, they were asked which teaching style was more effective, and most felt they had acquired more knowledge from the lectures. This suggests that student perceptions of the learning process and actual outcomes do not always align.

21번 지문(문항 번호 41-42번)

When all decision-making is in the hands of executives, the entire organization can suffer. For one thing, it causes delays as approval from higher levels of management can take time. For another, executives are often out of touch with the day-to-day operations of the company. In fact, it is their employees on the front lines who possess practical knowledge of the business. When it's time to make a decision, they are the ones with the most valuable insights to offer. I remember the story of a navy captain who was suddenly transferred to a nuclear submarine. While his crew was familiar with the ship's technical details, when the captain first arrived, he was not. Yet despite not being fully informed, he issued orders for the sailors to carry out. After ordering his crew to do something technically impossible and seeing that they still attempted to comply, he realized that his leadership model needed to change or everyone would be in danger. He pushed for leadership at every level of the submarine, allowing each person on board to be accountable for his or her own decisions. Following this, the vessel underwent a change for the better. Having had a reputation for its poor performance, low retention rate, and lack of morale, it began to win awards and numerous officers were promoted. This suggests that decentralizing the decision-making process and giving autonomy to employees in the workplace can lead to improvements overall.

22번 지문(문항 번호 43-45번)

A baker named Cora was famous for her exquisite cakes. People came from far and wide to buy them and were willing to pay high prices. This made Evelyn, a rival baker, jealous. Evelyn also had many customers, but she wanted her cakes to be as good as Cora's. She tried every possible combination of ingredients she could think of, but she just couldn't match Cora's talent. One day, Evelyn decided to visit Cora's bakery to discover her secret. As Evelyn looked at all the beautiful cakes on display there, she noticed a recipe book lying on the counter. Cora was nowhere to be seen, so Evelyn carefully reached for the book. However, just as she was about to open it, Cora appeared. “Hi, Evelyn. Are you looking for something?” Startled, she quickly withdrew her hands. Cora smiled and added, “I shouldn't be leaving this out, should I?” “No, you shouldn't. I was just looking at your cakes. I should get going now.” Evelyn left the bakery hastily, upset at not being fast enough. But Cora knew what had almost happened. She prepared a new recipe book filled with ingredients that would ruin any cake. She left this fake recipe book right on the counter. The next day, Evelyn came by again. She spotted the book immediately, quickly grabbing it and running away without Cora having turned around. Evelyn followed the recipes in the book, sure that business would soon improve. For the first few days, it did because her cakes looked exactly like Cora's. However, after people began to buy the cakes, a realization set in: They had an awful taste. It wasn't long until she lost all her customers. “I don't understand. I've been using the same ingredients as Cora! How could this have happened?” she said to herself, watching her customers, even the loyal ones, going to Cora's.