고등영어 자료는 더메이킹스(TheMakings)

옥련여고 내신,

목표를 일찍 정한 학생에게 가장 유리한 학교

옥련여고의 진학 데이터에는 다른 학교에서 보기 드문 특징이 하나 있습니다. 졸업생의 현역 4년제 대학 진학률이 전국 111위, 상위 10%라는 점입니다. 전국 1,800여 개 고교 중 111위면 상당히 높은 수치입니다.

동시에 학교 전체의 4년제 진학 지표 자체는 높지 않습니다. 이 두 숫자를 함께 읽으면 옥련여고의 성격이 드러납니다. 학생마다 진로가 다양한 학교이고, 그중 4년제 대학을 목표로 삼은 학생들은 재수하지 않고 현역에서 확실하게 결과를 만든다는 뜻입니다.

이 구조는 4년제 진학을 목표로 하는 학생에게 실질적인 유리함을 줍니다. 분당권이나 송도 최상위권 학교처럼 사교육으로 과열된 상위권이 등급을 독식하는 환경이 아니기 때문에, 꾸준히 준비한 학생이 상당히 좋은 내신 등급을 확보할 수 있습니다. 같은 노력으로 더 높은 등급이 나온다는 것은 학생부교과전형에서 그대로 지원 가능 대학의 차이로 이어집니다. 관건은 언제 목표를 정하느냐입니다. 교과 전형은 고1 1학기 첫 중간고사부터의 누적 평균이 전부를 결정합니다. 1학년을 흘려보낸 뒤 2학년에 마음을 잡으면 이미 평균의 3분의 1이 고정된 상태에서 출발해야 합니다. 반대로 입학 직후부터 4년제를 목표로 잡고 관리를 시작한 학생은, 옥련여고의 환경에서 매우 경쟁력 있는 등급을 쌓을 수 있습니다.

그리고 마지막 관문이 하나 남습니다. 수능 최저학력기준입니다. 교과 전형에서 내신으로 지원 자격을 만들어놓고도 수능 최저를 맞추지 못해 불합격하는 사례가 해마다 반복됩니다. 그래서 옥련여고 학생의 전략은 명확합니다. 일찍 목표를 정해 내신을 쌓고, 그 공부가 수능 최저를 뚫어낼 실력으로 이어지게 만드는 것입니다.

국어 – 희재국어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/huijae_

희재국어학원은 연수·송도에서 고등 국어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 국어 전문 학원입니다. '희재(熙齋)'라는 이름에서는 빛나는 서재가 읽힙니다. 요령으로 점수를 만드는 곳이 아니라, 차분히 읽고 생각하는 공간에서 국어의 기본기를 세우겠다는 지향입니다.

국어는 옥련여고 학생에게 내신과 수능 최저를 동시에 책임지는 과목입니다. 내신에서는 서술형 한 문항의 감점이 누적 평균에 그대로 반영되고, 수능에서는 국어 한 등급이 최저 충족 여부를 가릅니다. 특히 교과 전형을 주력으로 삼는다면 국어는 절대 흔들려서는 안 되는 과목입니다. 내신과 수능 사이의 거리가 가장 가까운 과목인 만큼, 처음부터 두 가지를 함께 겨냥한 학습이 가장 효율적입니다. 희재국어학원은 옥련여고 출제 경향에 맞춰 문학·독서(비문학)·문법 전 영역을 체계적으로 지도하고, 서술형 답안 첨삭과 수능 국어 연계 커리큘럼을 함께 운영합니다.

영어 – 더오름영어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/theoreumenglish-

더오름영어학원은 연수·송도에서 고등 영어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 영어 전문 학원입니다. '더오름'은 지금보다 더 높이 오른다는 뜻의 순우리말 이름입니다. 단번에 정상에 닿는 것이 아니라 한 단계씩 꾸준히 올라가는 공부를 지향한다는 의미가 담겨 있습니다.

영어는 옥련여고 학생에게 수능 최저에서 가장 확실하게 확보할 수 있는 과목입니다. 수능 영어가 절대평가이기 때문입니다. 남과 경쟁할 필요 없이 내가 일정 수준에 도달하면 등급이 주어지므로, 내신 대비 과정에서 수능 1~2등급을 함께 확보해두면 최저의 한 축을 안정적으로 깔고 갈 수 있습니다. 다만 내신 자체는 교과서 본문과 부교재, 외부 지문까지 범위가 넓어 암기만으로는 1등급이 어렵고, 변형 문제 대응력과 서술형 영작 정확도에서 등급이 갈립니다. 더오름영어학원은 옥련여고 기출 경향에 맞춰 어휘·구문·독해·본문 정밀 분석·서술형 영작을 단계별로 훈련하고, 내신 기간에는 학교별 집중 대비 수업을 별도 편성합니다.

수학 – 가우스학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/gausshome

가우스학원은 연수·송도에서 고등 수학 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 수학 전문 학원입니다. '가우스(Gauss)'는 '수학의 왕자'로 불리는 독일의 수학자 카를 프리드리히 가우스의 이름에서 따온 것입니다. 1부터 100까지를 순식간에 더해낸 어린 시절 일화처럼, 공식을 외우는 대신 구조를 꿰뚫어 보는 수학을 지향한다는 뜻입니다.

수학은 옥련여고에서 내신 등급 변별이 가장 크게 일어나는 동시에, 수능 최저에서 가장 흔한 걸림돌이 되는 과목입니다. 공통수학에서 대수·미적분Ⅰ·확률과 통계로 이어지는 흐름에서 한 번 구멍이 생기면 이후 단원 전체가 흔들리기 때문에, 무리한 선행보다 개념의 빈틈을 메우는 복습 설계가 우선입니다. 교과 전형에서 내신은 확보해두고 최저에서 미끄러지는 일이 가장 아쉬운 만큼, 수학만큼은 내신과 수능을 하나로 묶어 준비해야 합니다. 가우스학원은 옥련여고 기출 분석을 바탕으로 개념 정리, 유형별 반복 훈련, 서술형 채점 기준에 맞는 풀이 작성, 수능 수학 연계 커리큘럼을 체계적으로 제공합니다.

과학 – 유앤박과학전문학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/ydspat

유앤박과학전문학원은 연수·송도에서 고등 과학 내신과 수능 과탐을 전문으로 지도하는 과학 전문 학원입니다. '유앤박'이라는 이름에는 두 선생님의 성(姓)을 나란히 내걸었다는 뜻이 읽힙니다. 한 사람에게 기대지 않고 두 전문가가 함께 책임진다는 의미이자, 학생(You)과 선생이 함께 간다는 뜻으로도 읽을 수 있습니다.

탐구 영역은 수능 최저 충족에서 가장 과소평가되는 승부처입니다. 많은 학생이 가장 늦게 손대지만, 실제로는 탐구 한 과목의 등급이 최저 충족 여부를 뒤집는 경우가 흔합니다. 옥련여고 과학 내신은 개념 이해와 탐구 적용, 서술형 답안 작성 능력이 고르게 요구되고, 선택 과목에 따라 물리학·화학·생명과학·지구과학의 조합이 갈립니다. 내신 과학 과목과 수능 과탐 과목을 일치시켜 한 번의 공부로 두 가지를 가져가는 설계가 특히 효과적입니다. 유앤박과학전문학원은 단원별 핵심 개념 정리부터 옥련여고 기출 분석, 서술형·탐구 실험 대비, 수능 과탐 연계까지 내실 있는 커리큘럼으로 진행합니다.

종합/입시 – 학산학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/firsthaksan

학산학원은 옥련여고 학생들의 내신과 입시를 통합 관리하는 종합 입시 학원입니다. '학산(鶴山)'은 학이 깃든 산이라는 뜻이자, 인천의 옛 이름으로도 전해지는 지명입니다. 이 지역에 뿌리를 두고 지역 학생을 길러내겠다는 뜻이 이름에 담겨 있습니다.

옥련여고에서 입시의 성패를 가르는 첫 번째 변수는 목표 설정 시점입니다. 4년제 대학을 목표로 삼은 학생에게 이 학교의 환경은 분명한 기회이지만, 그 기회는 고1 1학기부터 작동하기 시작합니다. 1학년을 지나보낸 뒤에 시작하면 이미 누적 평균의 3분의 1이 고정된 상태입니다. 입학 직후에 목표 대학과 전형을 함께 정하고, 거기서 역산해 내신·선택 과목·수능 최저 전략을 설계하는 것 — 이것이 옥련여고에서 결과를 바꾸는 가장 확실한 방법입니다. 학산학원은 옥련여고 학생들에게 내신 기간별 과목 집중 수업, 선택 과목 설계 상담, 수시 교과·학종 지원 전략, 수능 최저 대비 로드맵, 정시 지원 전략까지 통합 지원합니다.

옥련여고 내신,

일찍 목표를 정한 학생이 가장 멀리 갑니다

옥련여고는 현역 4년제 진학률이 전국 111위, 상위 10%에 드는 학교입니다. 4년제 대학을 목표로 삼은 학생들이 재수에 기대지 않고 현역에서 결과를 만들어내고 있다는 뜻이고, 사교육으로 과열된 학교들에 비해 같은 노력으로 더 좋은 등급을 가져갈 수 있는 환경이기도 합니다. 이 기회를 살리는 조건은 하나, 일찍 목표를 정하는 것입니다. 백제의 사신들이 능허대에서 더 넓은 세상으로 떠났듯, 분명한 목표와 정확한 준비가 있다면 옥련여고에서의 3년은 충분히 멀리 가는 출발점이 됩니다.

더메이킹스에서 옥련여고 맞춤 학원 목록을 확인해 보세요.

👉 학교별 맞춤 학원 찾기 – 더메이킹스

https://themakings.co.kr/398

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Acacia trees have evolved to have a mutually beneficial relationship with acacia ants, though their protection mechanism involves a necessary trade-off. The tree grows large, hollow thorns in which ants live and produces nectar from glands at the base of its leaves, as well as nutrient-rich structures called Beltian bodies to feed them. In return, these insects safeguard the tree by aggressively biting and stinging herbivores that attempt to eat the tree's leaves. The ants also use their strong jaws to clear away competing plants that might block the tree's access to sunlight. But creating a hospitable environment for the ants forces the tree to compromise its growth. By allocating its energy resources to shelter and sustain the ants, the tree experiences limitations in the development of its own reproductive structures, including reduced shoot and root growth.

① Acacia trees and acacia ants have come to depend on each other.

② The tree makes nectar and nutrient-rich bodies that serve as food for the ants.

③ The ants bite and sting animals that try to eat the tree's leaves.

④ The tree sacrifices nothing when it makes a welcoming space for the ants.

⑤ The ants clear away the plants that compete with the tree for light.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문은 아카시아 나무와 개미의 상호 유익한 관계를 설명하면서, 나무가 이 관계를 유지하기 위해 치르는 대가(trade-off)를 핵심적으로 밝힌다. 지문은 “creating a hospitable environment for the ants forces the tree to compromise its growth” + ”the tree experiences limitations in the development of its own reproductive structures, including reduced shoot and root growth”라고 명시한다. 즉, 나무는 개미를 위한 환경을 만들기 위해 성장을 "타협해야 하며" 생식 구조 발달에 ”제한"을 경험한다 — 분명한 대가가 존재한다.

따라서 나무가 개미를 위한 환경을 만들 때 ”아무것도 희생하지 않는다(sacrifices nothing)”고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 두 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 나무가 개미를 위한 환경을 만들기 위해 성장을 "타협하도록 강요받고(forces to compromise)" 생식 구조 발달에 ”제한을 경험한다(experiences limitations)”고 서술하는 반면, ④번은 나무가 ”아무것도 희생하지 않는다(sacrifices nothing)”고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 능수능란 직독직해 영어 15회 실력 직독직해 2회 변형 문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한

능수능란 직독직해 영어 15회 실력 직독직해 2회의 지문입니다.

1번 지문(문항 번호 18번)

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN;

I would like to bring up an issue at the Brookside Train Station. Over the past few weeks, the station hasn't been kept up as well as it used to be. There are several trash cans on the platforms; however, they are always overflowing with garbage, resulting in trash falling on the ground. This creates an unpleasant experience for passengers waiting for their trains. I would appreciate it if the maintenance staff regularly emptied the trash cans and inspected the platforms to ensure a favorable environment for commuters. I hope to see this issue get resolved as soon as possible.

Yours truly, Beth Simpson

2번 지문(문항 번호 19번)

My best friend Ella called me to invite me over to her house. “Not this time,” I told her. I had just come back from work, and all I wanted to do was relax at home. But then other friends kept messaging me, insisting that we meet up at Ella's house. The constant messaging started to bother me; it felt like no one was listening to me. Despite my irritation, I reluctantly agreed. I drove to Ella's house. When I walked in, the lights were off. Suddenly, my friends jumped out and shouted, “Happy early birthday!” They had organized a birthday party for me, as I would be away on a business trip on my actual birthday. In one place were all my favorite people and foods. I couldn't stop smiling. I was filled with joy at the fact that my friends did all of this for me.

3번 지문(문항 번호 20번)

Managers try to find a balance between criticism and encouragement when giving feedback to their employees. One method, the “feedback sandwich,” involves placing negative feedback —the sandwich filling— between two positive statements —the slices of bread. Using this approach softens the impact of the criticism so that workers are more receptive to the negative feedback. Yet with pressing matters, the positive aspects of the sandwich method may distract the employees from the critical message. In cases where quick action is needed, direct communication works better. For example, if an employee is repeatedly missing their deadlines during an important project, providing unrelated positive feedback can waste time. Instead, the manager should specifically state the issue so the employee can grasp the urgency of the situation.

4번 지문(문항 번호 21번)

Acacia trees have evolved to have a mutually beneficial relationship with acacia ants, though their protection mechanism involves a necessary trade-off. The tree grows large, hollow thorns in which ants live and produces nectar from glands at the base of its leaves, as well as nutrient-rich structures called Beltian bodies to feed them. In return, these insects safeguard the tree by aggressively biting and stinging herbivores that attempt to eat the tree's leaves. The ants also use their strong jaws to clear away competing plants that might block the tree's access to sunlight. But creating a hospitable environment for the ants forces the tree to compromise its growth. By allocating its energy resources to shelter and sustain the ants, the tree experiences limitations in the development of its own reproductive structures, including reduced shoot and root growth.

5번 지문(문항 번호 22번)

Humans are social beings who seek connections and hope to be seen as helpful and likable, and thus, it is natural that you are inclined to say "yes" to others. You kindly accept others' requests no matter how much time you have or whether you feel capable of doing them; you actively avoid turning down someone's request for fear of damaging the social connection. But each time you say "yes", you are placing the other person's interests above your own, leaving you with less time and energy for yourself. Consequently, you become overwhelmed by a flood of commitments and begin to feel obligated. If you find that the other person is taking advantage of you or not returning the favor, the resulting frustration turns into resentment towards that person. At this point, something ironic occurs. Your intention to strengthen the relationship by continuously saying "yes" actually ends up straining it.

6번 지문(문항 번호 23번)

Cash is the only form of payment that does not require the involvement of a third party —a bank or credit card company— and offers individuals a direct means of payment. And yet only 16 percent of payments around the world are made in cash. This shift to cashless methods is, of course, not happening without good reason. Cashless transactions are more economical and convenient for the parties involved. Governments lower costs by reducing the need to print bills and mint coins. Likewise, by predominantly using electronic transactions, businesses can cut back on the resources used for storing, transporting, and depositing large sums of cash. The ability to use an international credit card allows individuals to bypass the hassle of exchanging cash when traveling abroad. And if they lose their bank card or smartphone containing mobile payment information, the services can be canceled with little risk of losing funds. In contrast, cash is almost always irretrievable once lost.

7번 지문(문항 번호 24번)

Trends in fashion, music, and film emerge when certain sociocultural catalysts align. Youth preference, word of mouth, and marketing appeal have historically played a significant role in the rise of cultural phenomena, often leading to their commercialization. As businesses start to monetize these trends, they reach a wider audience, with their spread being accelerated. Then, once the novelty that initially captivated public imagination wears off, the trends may fade from mainstream attention, though they may resurface decades later as something nostalgic; it is the ever-changing tastes of society that produce this trend cycle. Now, this is undergoing another metamorphosis with the democratization of content creation and sharing— anyone can start trends that may gain rapid traction. Contemporary audiences, constantly navigating an ocean of content, struggle to retain their focus; a viral trend today may well be yesterday's news.

8번 지문(문항 번호 26번)

Carl Sagan was born in New York City. He became interested in space as a child through reading science fiction books and went on to study physics and astronomy at university. After graduating, Sagan began a career in astronomy, exploring the mysteries of the cosmos. In the 1960s, he taught and conducted research at Harvard University and then moved to Cornell University, where he worked as the director of the Laboratory of Planetary Studies. In the 1970s, he became popular with the general public because he could explain how the universe worked in simple terms. He wrote over 20 books, including The Dragons of Eden, which won the Pulitzer Prize for General nonfiction in 1978. Sagan's influence reached its peak with the release of the TV program Cosmos, which he wrote and narrated. It became one of the most watched shows in public television history.

9번 지문(문항 번호 29번)

Consumers who are willing to spend extra money on organic food do so in part to avoid the health risks of nonorganic alternatives. Processed foods usually contain numerous synthetic substances that are added to make the food taste better and last longer, and overconsumption of these additives has been associated with food-related diseases like diabetes. Organic products are required to be produced without artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives. They must also be grown naturally; plants grown with synthetic pesticides or animals raised with growth hormones cannot be considered organic. Frequent consumption of nonorganic products may lead to consuming pesticide residues or hormones that could increase the risk of cancer. Another factor motivating consumers to choose organic products is the belief in the potential health benefits. Some studies suggest that organic fruits and vegetables may contain higher amounts of vitamins and minerals than their counterparts. Similarly, products from animals raised organically might have higher nutritional value than those from conventionally raised livestock.

10번 지문(문항 번호 30번)

Supercooling is a phenomenon where a liquid is chilled below its freezing point but does not change state. Normally, as the temperature falls, small crystals form that increase in size and number until the liquid becomes a solid. However, if the growth of these crystals is prevented, the liquid does not turn into a solid. Interestingly, this property also applies to biological systems, enabling some animals to survive in extremely cold environments. The water in their bodies cools below the freezing point, but potentially deadly ice crystals never form. One way supercooling is achieved is through the production of antifreeze proteins, which bind with ice crystals at the earliest stage of their formation. This process consequently stops the crystals from growing. Another method involves high concentrations of glycerol, which lowers the freezing point of the body fluids of animals. As a result, even if the temperature decreases well below 0 degrees Celsius, ice crystals do not develop.

11번 지문(문항 번호 31번)

People want to make informed purchase decisions by spending time comparing products and prices. Yet marketers want their customers to purchase items as quickly as possible. Thus, they make use of various tactics to speed up this deliberative process. Limited-time offers, exclusive deals, and “almost out of stock” labels are some of the most common ways to trigger a sense of urgency among customers. The technology of online shopping can further emphasize perceived shortages, with sites that show how many other people are viewing the same product and how many items are left. Upon seeing these notifications, customers feel compelled to buy right away. It becomes illogical to hesitate —waiting risks losing the product forever. They become more likely to fall for this illusion of scarcity and abandon their careful decision-making because they have no way of verifying the stock information provided on the sites.

12번 지문(문항 번호 32번)

Fans eagerly await the adaptation of their favorite novels into movies. In many cases, however, the initial excitement turns into disappointment once they leave the movie theater. If you think of how you read, you would know that reading is, after all, an active experience. Each reader takes the words given by the author and uses them to construct vivid mental pictures of the characters as well as the worlds they inhabit. By the time readers are ready to see a film adaptation, their expectations have already been firmly set by their individual experience of reading the work. Watching a movie, on the other hand, is a passive activity. The final product is a combination of input from the directors, screenwriters, actors, and set and costume designers, each making their own choices that affect how the story looks and sounds. So it is inevitable that there is a clash between representation and interpretation. How could a collectively crafted movie accurately capture the diverse expectations of every single reader?

13번 지문(문항 번호 33번)

Phasmids, more commonly known as stick insects, are masters of disguise even before hatching. While mature adults develop the coloration that allows them to blend into their surroundings —brown for arid areas or green for tropical regions— their eggs share a strong resemblance with seeds. This appearance deceives ants into believing they are food, and just as ants collect and bury seeds for storage, so do they with the stick insects’ eggs. Eventually, the ants recognize that the eggs are inedible and abandon them underground. Being buried in this way provides the eggs with protection from predators until the young stick insects are ready to emerge from the shells. Once they are born, they seek out suitable spots on tree bark or amid foliage, where they can continue concealing themselves.

14번 지문(문항 번호 34번)

Many language learners may understand their second language more easily than they can speak it. The processes involved in speaking and comprehending language take place in different parts of the brain, which is why these two skills may not develop equally. When listening to a second language, a specific region in the temporal lobe works to identify units of sound (phonemes). With the added help of inferences from contextual cues, a listener can grasp the overall meaning without processing each individual sound. Producing speech in a second language, which occurs in an area of the frontal lobe, demands a higher cognitive effort. It’s not about merely recognizing key words; it requires recalling and then using each word precisely. Adapting to diverse grammar structures across different languages —such as having to change the word order from subject-verb-object to subject-object-verb— pushes the brain to work even harder.

15번 지문(문항 번호 35번)

The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries set the stage for the Enlightenment in Europe. Led by key figures like Galileo, this period emphasized empirical observation and experimentation to change traditional beliefs about the natural world, such as the one that Earth was at the center of the universe. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in astronomy, physics, and mathematics and were inspired by the scientific method to challenge the established authorities in society. Prior to this period, the church had held intellectual authority, but evidence-backed discoveries began to contradict long-held religious teachings that were based solely on faith. This pursuit of objective truth also led many to question the authority of absolute monarchies and to advocate for individual rights of free intellectual expression.

16번 지문(문항 번호 36번)

Celebrities frequently appear in advertisements on TV, the Internet, and billboards to endorse products. The idea behind this practice is to capitalize on their fame to drive sales, as advertisers assume people want the same items their favorite stars are using. This strategy may lead to a boost in sales of a brand initially; however, its long-term effectiveness is somewhat questionable. In fact, it can often backfire, causing confusion among consumers. When a celebrity endorses several products simultaneously, consumers might associate the celebrity with another brand. This mismatch makes it difficult for consumers to connect him or her with the particular product or brand, reducing the impact of the endorsement. More problematically, if a celebrity is exceptionally popular, their image can overshadow the promoted product and brand. As a result, the brand may find itself competing for recognition against the influence of the celebrity's personal brand.

17번 지문(문항 번호 37번)

Universal design is the process of creating products that are accessible to the widest group of consumers possible without requiring any special modifications. While being a noble goal, this overlooks the range of subjective experiences, which can potentially exclude certain users. To go beyond this limitation, the concept of inclusive design has been introduced. Unlike the one-size-fits-all approach of universal design, it actively engages individuals from different backgrounds throughout the design process to gain diverse insights. The results from this collaborative design effort include the ability to identify the needs of marginalized groups and offer solutions to users as a series of options. This allows them to tailor the product to their needs. For instance, features like screen brightness adjustment or font size customization help users with vision problems view content more comfortably. Furthermore, smart devices that have a one-handed setting increase accessibility for those with hand mobility issues.

18번 지문(문항 번호 38번)

Humans exhibit a tendency to mimic each other, from a baby crying when another does to adults yawning after someone else. These actions aren't random; they are guided by neurons in the brain that send signals to the rest of the body. Specifically, mirror neurons are responsible for this phenomenon, and they activate not only when we perform an action or experience an emotion but also when we observe others' actions or emotional states. Imitation helps us learn the intentions and emotions underlying the observed behavior of others. The development of empathy —the ability to simulate the feelings of others— can thus be strongly related to these mirror neurons. They may replicate the observed person's brain state in our own minds, fostering a sense of connection. This capability is important for human survival, given our social nature. Without this ability, we would struggle to interpret cues and deal with the complexities of group interactions, which might result in increased conflicts.

19번 지문(문항 번호 39번)

Extensive research has been conducted into the sources of motivation and their effectiveness in driving individuals toward achieving both personal and professional goals. Basically, the sources of motivation can be categorized into two types: intrinsic and extrinsic. Striving for mastery over a new skill and finding enjoyment in a task are forms of intrinsic motivation, while pursuing rewards or recognition exemplifies extrinsic motivation. Notably, research has found that intrinsic motivation for a pursuit or job predicts better task satisfaction and engagement while also protecting against burnout. This observation aligns with self-determination theory, which suggests that people are more motivated to persist in actions when they believe their deeds will have a direct impact on the outcome. Rather than relying on factors like money, fame, or praise —variables less directly controllable— self-determined individuals are inclined to give sustained effort toward intrinsic goals, yielding better performance results. This tendency is especially pronounced when the pursuit provides the individuals with autonomy, a sense of competence, and relatedness to others.

20번 지문(문항 번호 40번)

In the early 2010s, researchers conducted a study to examine the impact of differently worded statements on individuals' perception of success in completing tasks. Participants were divided into two groups: the first group received abstract statements resembling goals, whereas the second group was given precise actions to perform. The statements for the first group included language like the following: "save the environment" and "make someone happy." In contrast, the second group's statements were worded like this: "increase the amount of recycled materials" and "make someone smile." Participants had one day to complete these tasks and were later surveyed. According to the survey, individuals in the second group felt more successful in accomplishing their tasks. The data indicated that it was because they were able to clearly understand and evaluate whether their actions actually fulfilled the provided directions.

21번 지문(문항 번호 41-42번)

In the past, communities were bound by their physical location. People could not travel or communicate over any great distance, so interactions were restricted to those in immediate contact: family, friends, neighbors, and shopkeepers. But as civilization has developed, the structure and meaning of communities have shifted. For example, the invention of the printing press made it possible to mass-produce books and other materials, which helped spread knowledge and ideas. This contributed to the development of new forms of community, such as scientific societies, religious groups, and political movements. Now, the Internet has facilitated the creation of a new class of virtual communities. The members are actually strangers in the conventional sense, since they have not met in real life. This fact does not diminish the experience of community members, though, because what holds them together is shared interests and values. Unlike traditional communities, these are founded on choice rather than obligation based on geographic location. The digital nature of these networks creates a sense of belonging to “my community” rather than to just “a community.” This dynamic enables individuals to vary their participation within communities, effectively moving in and out of them at their convenience.

22번 지문(문항 번호 43-45번)

Sherry parked the car and smiled at Danielle in the passenger seat. It was the first Saturday of summer after the girls graduated from university, and they were going to spend it kayaking down the river. Sherry suggested the trip because she had been inspired by her mother, who mentioned that going on a kayaking trip with her best friend after graduation had been one of the most memorable experiences of her life. With that inspiration in mind, Sherry and Danielle had spent weeks planning their own special kayaking trip, and the big day finally arrived. The girls unstrapped the red kayak from the roof rack of the car and carried it over to the water. “Ready?” Danielle asked. Sherry nodded and asked, “Do you have the map?” From her pocket, Danielle pulled out the map, secure inside a plastic bag, and asked, “Check! Do you have our lunches?” Sherry pointed to her backpack. “They’re in here,” she said. “All right, let’s do this!” They climbed into the kayak and pushed off the riverbank with their paddles. The starting point of the trip was a quiet stretch of river. As they paddled, they enjoyed being outdoors and hearing the birds sing. After about 30 minutes, the river grew deeper, and the water flowed faster. The girls were having a blast! But then, Sherry, who was sitting in front, noticed that the river seemed to disappear suddenly. Her eyes widened. “There’s a waterfall ahead!” she yelled. With her heart racing, she prepared for the worst. “We’ll be fine!” Danielle shouted from behind. “I marked it on the map. Just stay focused and keep paddling!” Sherry was scared, but Danielle’s words calmed her. Once the kayak slid smoothly over the fall and landed with a big splash into calmer waters, Sherry sighed with relief. Then she felt giddy with happiness. “We made it!” she exclaimed. Danielle grinned and said, “That was awesome!”

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Although it may not be immediately apparent, the high standards you set for yourself can cast a shadow over your sense of self-worth. When you demand perfection at all times, you fail more often than you succeed. This is because in almost any situation, there are factors that are beyond your control, meaning that problems will occur regardless of your own performance. So by constantly striving for perfection, you are setting yourself up for disappointment. As the cycle repeats itself of unrealistic expectations followed by imperfect outcomes, you will experience frustration and shame for not living up to your own standards. Thus, you will likely develop a self-deprecating mindset that undermines your confidence and may even lead to serious mental health issues. To break this cycle, you should think of yourself as a pencil with an eraser. The design of a pencil reflects the fact that errors inevitably occur and can be corrected.

① High standards that you set for yourself can harm your sense of self-worth.

② Repeated cycles of unrealistic expectations leave you proud of your standards.

③ Demanding perfection at all times makes failure more frequent than success.

④ Thinking of yourself as a pencil with an eraser helps to break a harmful pattern.

⑤ The design of a pencil shows that mistakes happen and that they can be fixed.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문은 완벽주의의 해로운 순환을 설명하면서, 비현실적 기대와 불완전한 결과의 반복이 가져오는 감정적 결과를 명확히 서술한다. 지문은 ”As the cycle repeats itself of unrealistic expectations followed by imperfect outcomes, you will experience frustration and shame for not living up to your own standards”라고 명시한다. 즉, 이 순환의 반복은 자신의 기준에 부응하지 못한 것에 대한 ”좌절감과 수치심(frustration and shame)”을 가져온다 — 자부심이 아니다.

따라서 비현실적 기대의 반복적 순환이 자신의 기준에 대한 ”자부심을 느끼게 한다(leave you proud of your standards)”고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 두 문장이 ②번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 비현실적 기대의 반복적 순환이 ”좌절감과 수치심(frustration and shame)”을 가져오고 ”자기 비하적 사고방식(self-deprecating mindset)”으로 이어진다고 서술하는 반면, ②번은 이 순환이 자신의 기준에 대한 ”자부심(proud)”을 느끼게 한다고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 능수능란 직독직해 영어 15회 실력 직독직해 1회 변형 문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한

능수능란 직독직해 영어 15회 실력 직독직해 1회의 지문입니다.

1번 지문(문항 번호 18번)

Dear Trifecta Theater House Members,

We really appreciate your support of our current productions, The Long Way Home and Night Flight. Thanks to your enthusiasm, every performance scheduled for this month has been sold out. However, during a maintenance check of our facilities last night, a water leak was discovered in the walls. Although it does not pose an immediate risk, we prioritize the safety of our cast, crew, and audience members. As a result, all shows scheduled for this month will be canceled while we work on resolving the issue. Ticket holders will be provided with options for rescheduling or refunds. We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this may cause.

Warm regards,

Eileen Slater

Theater Operations Manager

2번 지문(문항 번호 19번)

It was the day before Mother's Day. Sean had always made something from scratch for his mother, and she had said how much she loved those gifts. But now that he had his first part-time job, Sean wanted to buy her something. He knew exactly what she wanted. While shopping last weekend, he saw her staring at a necklace in a shop window, so he decided to get it for her. He went to the shop, hoping to find the necklace. “Can I take the necklace that is on display?” he proudly asked the clerk, pointing at the one in the window. His heart sank, however, when the clerk said that the necklace had just been sold and there were no more available. It would be at least a week until more were in stock. “It won’t get here in time,” he said to himself with a long sigh. “I’ll have to think of something else.”

3번 지문(문항 번호 20번)

Leadership is more than the exercise of authority through the threat of punishment or the promise of reward. Though it may be possible to influence others using these methods, this approach is inadequate to create genuine commitment. Instead, effective leadership involves ensuring that everyone has a clear understanding of organizational goals and the methods that will be used to achieve them. That is to say, a leader must provide timely, accurate, and relevant information to subordinates. At the same time, a leader must remain receptive to any concerns or questions they may have. This open communication style enables workers to obtain needed information, enhancing their motivation and engagement. It also provides leaders with effective oversight of work processes. Like a control tower guiding aircraft pilots to ensure a safe landing, a leader must maintain a constant back-and-forth with workers for the successful completion of a task.

4번 지문(문항 번호 21번)

Although it may not be immediately apparent, the high standards you set for yourself can cast a shadow over your sense of self-worth. When you demand perfection at all times, you fail more often than you succeed. This is because in almost any situation, there are factors that are beyond your control, meaning that problems will occur regardless of your own performance. So by constantly striving for perfection, you are setting yourself up for disappointment. As the cycle repeats itself of unrealistic expectations followed by imperfect outcomes, you will experience frustration and shame for not living up to your own standards. Thus, you will likely develop a self-deprecating mindset that undermines your confidence and may even lead to serious mental health issues. To break this cycle, you should think of yourself as a pencil with an eraser. The design of a pencil reflects the fact that errors inevitably occur and can be corrected.

5번 지문(문항 번호 22번)

Social media platforms have made it possible for consumers to publicly interact with each other and company representatives in real time, which is transforming the product development process. While companies have always taken consumer preferences into consideration, they have often struggled to accurately identify and incorporate them. The reason is that data from surveys, focus groups, and other traditional methods of soliciting input from consumers must be analyzed before it can be applied, a process subject to misunderstanding and bias. But companies can now observe discussions among consumers about their goods and services and even get involved in the conversation. As a result, it has become increasingly common for companies to make changes to their products based on the feedback they receive through social media, with some proactively providing an online venue to make feature requests. The steady stream of suggestions from the very people using their products greatly improves these companies' ability to meet and exceed consumer expectations.

6번 지문(문항 번호 23번)

In an effort to reduce greenhouse gases, governments around the world have begun to implement carbon taxes. These typically fall into two broad categories; the first is an emissions tax based on the amount of carbon released by manufacturing facilities, while the second is a tax on goods and services generated through carbon-intensive production processes. The underlying assumption behind carbon taxes is that companies will be financially incentivized to reduce their tax burden by developing and utilizing alternative energy sources, which will help slow down global warming. The effectiveness of this approach, however, is debatable as critics argue that companies may make no effort to reduce their emissions. They may respond by simply raising prices and passing the carbon tax onto consumers. If this occurs, not only will carbon emissions remain unchanged, but many low-income households will struggle to make ends meet as the prices of goods rise.

7번 지문(문항 번호 24번)

Cultural appropriation occurs when a minority group's traditions are exploited by members of the majority in a multicultural society. An example of this is Native American Halloween costumes that include imitations of items with great cultural and spiritual significance, such as ceremonial headdresses. Native Americans consider these Halloween outfits to be an insult as reflected in their common protest slogan, “My culture is not a costume.” Of course, cultural appropriation extends beyond costume choices—artists, musicians, and even chefs all have to carefully consider whether they are misusing the heritage of others for their own benefit. While this is a valid social issue, where the line should be drawn between cultural appropriation and appreciation is still vague. Some experts say that any use of another culture's traditions is inherently exploitative; however, others maintain that cultural exchange can be mutually beneficial when conducted with proper understanding and respect, such as learning cultural practices from members of that community.

8번 지문(문항 번호 26번)

Roger Ebert was one of America's most popular film critics. He was born in Urbana, Illinois, in 1942. After graduating from the University of Illinois with a degree in journalism, he pursued graduate studies at the University of Chicago until the Chicago Sun-Times offered him a film critic position. In 1975, he began cohosting the television show Opening Soon at a Theater near You, reviewing films with fellow critic Gene Siskel. They introduced the famous “thumbs-up, thumbs-down” rating system, and their collaboration spanned multiple shows over decades. Ebert officially retired from television in 2008 due to health complications but started an online journal, which he managed while continuing to write film reviews. He passed away in 2013 at the age of 70. He was the first film critic to ever win a Pulitzer Prize. Ebert also published almost 20 books, including his memoirs, movie guides, and even a work of fiction.

9번 지문(문항 번호 29번)

Human infants are born with many involuntary behaviors that activate in response to specific stimuli. While some of these—such as the breathing reflex—are obvious requirements for survival, others have less apparent functions. Take the grasping reflex, which causes infants to instinctively squeeze any object placed in the palm of their hand. It is believed to be a vestigial trait, meaning that it was vital to our ancestors but has no significant purpose today. However, in nonhuman primates like chimpanzees, this reflex does serve a tangible function. When a mother chimpanzee, for instance, transports her young, she needs both hands free to gather food and navigate obstacles. This is the time when the grasping instinct comes into play, as the infant remains attached to her body by holding tightly to her fur. Though humans are no longer covered in thick body hair, evolutionary evidence suggests that the grasping instinct was as important to our ancestors as it appears to be for modern chimpanzees.

10번 지문(문항 번호 30번)

The potlatch is a traditional feast that has been held by indigenous groups of the Pacific Northwest region of North America for decades. During a potlatch, the host gives away large quantities of valuable items, such as food, clothing, and jewelry. The host, typically a person of considerable wealth and status, redistributes their material wealth through this act of ceremonial giving. While the gifts vary according to the recipient's social status, the ceremony benefits all attendees. Holding a potlatch is seen as a social obligation, and it is usually performed for specific purposes, such as to celebrate a marriage or the birth of a firstborn child. So if an individual with sufficient financial resources refuses to host a potlatch, he or she will lose face in the community. As a result, the potlatch system ensures that those who accumulate wealth will eventually share their fortune with other members of their community.

11번 지문(문항 번호 31번)

Initially, the term code-switching was used in linguistics to describe second-language learners toggling between two languages while speaking. The use of the term has since expanded to refer to how individuals from specific groups change their mannerisms and speech patterns depending on the situation. This phenomenon has its roots in the idea that there are “proper” forms of speech and behavior, which commonly correspond to those valued by the dominant group in a society. For example, individuals from a marginalized culture often feel pressure to adjust their communication style when working or learning with people from a mainstream culture. Such adaptation extends across various social contexts. For instance, studies have shown that people tend to modify their speech patterns to align with the prevalent communication style in the workplace. While code-switching can help one fit in, having to hide one's true self due to social expectations can take a significant mental toll.

12번 지문(문항 번호 32번)

Verisimilitude, a literary device used in fiction, can be interpreted as “the appearance of reality.” Originally defined by how authentic fictional settings and characters appeared to readers, the concept has developed into two distinct categories. Cultural verisimilitude is what generally comes to mind upon hearing about this literary device; it is the quality of overall plausibility in reference to actual reality. In order to engage readers, the focus is on the “real world” inhabited by them. Generic verisimilitude is a more recent idea, applying primarily to works depicting imaginary worlds that diverge greatly from our own. These include a complete recreation of life, which can operate under its own set of rules and laws. Thus, a story that is internally logical and consistent, with nothing violating the rules of the author's artificial reality, is considered to have generic verisimilitude. Although achieved through different means, both types of verisimilitude enhance the credibility of the narrative.

13번 지문(문항 번호 33번)

A frequent trope in science fiction is the universal translator—a device that allows for instant and accurate communication between different species, even upon first contact. But according to the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, this technology cannot exist. In a work published in 1953, he wrote, “If a lion could talk, we should not be able to understand him.” This unusual statement was part of his lifelong exploration of language, particularly the relationship between comprehension and context. Wittgenstein argued that a meeting of minds is a necessary requirement for communication. The simple statement “I'll think about it” can be a polite rejection, an expression of a genuine need for consideration, or a diplomatic delay tactic, among other things. The only way to correctly comprehend it is to be able to appreciate the speaker's personal situation and attitude toward it. Otherwise, there is no hope of true communication, even if each party fully grasps the meaning of the individual words being spoken.

14번 지문(문항 번호 34번)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau firmly believed the paramount role of a society is to guarantee political liberty through the application of laws created by those subject to them. In his exploration of why people live together in well-organized groups, he rejected the premise of Thomas Hobbes, who argued that humanity's natural state was chaotic and that security and order are only achievable via total subservience to an absolute authority. According to Rousseau, people are naturally good, and they enjoyed inherent freedoms before they were corrupted and subjugated by modern societies. This is reflected in his famous observation that although people are born free, they are “everywhere in chains.” The true function of a society should therefore be to safeguard the core interests of its members as expressed through the general will of the people. Although some individual freedoms must be relinquished, these sacrifices are made voluntarily by stakeholders in the interest of the community rather than demanded by those with power. In this vision of a social contract, submission should not be viewed as an act of surrendering sovereignty.

15번 지문(문항 번호 35번)

Detailed daily planning seems like the perfect strategy for maximizing productivity and achieving our goals effectively. However, research has shown that excessive planning can actually work against us. In reality, when we try to control every minute of our day, we often find ourselves feeling frustrated as unexpected events inevitably disrupt our carefully structured schedule. Moreover, the human mind naturally resists constraints, making it difficult to stick to detailed plans. As resistance intensifies, our motivation to follow through with the plan decreases, which in turn reduces productivity and ultimately causes us to abandon it. For better results and sustained engagement, we need broader, more flexible planning approaches, such as setting monthly goals.

16번 지문(문항 번호 36번)

Psychotherapy is a comprehensive therapeutic approach that effectively addresses a wide range of mental health conditions, from depression and anxiety to trauma. Modern psychotherapy aims to provide patients with symptom relief while helping them understand the root causes of their psychological challenges. The treatment can be tailored to each individual's specific needs, with options for both short-term and long-term solutions. To implement these therapeutic goals, treatment sessions typically last for 45 to 50 minutes, taking place in various formats such as individual, couple, family, or group settings. Throughout these sessions, therapists focus on creating a safe environment where patients can freely express their thoughts and feelings. This is because the most successful outcomes occur when patients actively participate in their treatment by maintaining open communication. The foundation of effective therapy rests on trust between therapist and patient, making confidentiality a fundamental requirement.

17번 지문(문항 번호 37번)

A society can be viewed as a community of individuals bound by a common set of principles. But what happens when these shared social norms begin to disintegrate and even disappear? The same question was asked by French sociologist Émile Durkheim in the 19th century, and his research led to the development of the theory of anomie, which means “normlessness.” Durkheim argued that members of society are more likely to lose their moral compass in periods of rapid and extreme change. Previously agreed-upon behavioral codes fall away during such transitional phases; established norms and values are no longer reflected in society. However, new ones have not yet arisen to replace them. As a result, people feel disconnected from each other and society at large. This rise in social isolation is the reason for the observed relationship between anomie and surging crime rates. It makes it more likely that people will show a lack of concern regarding the impact of their actions on others and engage in deviant behavior.

18번 지문(문항 번호 38번)

External research collaborations can be beneficial in that they may bring fresh perspectives that challenge existing organizational thinking and lead to growth and expansion. Notwithstanding the benefits of outside help, many companies prefer to have their own in-house research facilities. By maintaining direct control over their research, they try to ensure better quality control and implement new developments more quickly. That in-house research often creates a corporate culture of innovation with great long-term value to the company is another factor in their preference. Companies that do not adequately invest in their internal research capabilities, however, are more likely to fall behind their competitors in terms of technological advancement. Once they lose their technological edge, they may struggle to attract top talent, lose market share, and fail to meet the evolving needs of their customers. In the end, becoming overly reliant on external solutions can lead to the erosion of a company's capacity to independently innovate and sustain a competitive advantage.

19번 지문(문항 번호 39번)

The astounding rate of information spread has led to the use of the expression “going viral” to describe how social media content can become known to millions in no time. Some scientists use the concept of social contagion to argue that ideas do in fact spread like viruses. For instance, one influential personality can trigger an outbreak by sharing an opinion with a large number of people. These people in turn adopt it and spread it along to those around them. Though this analogy can be useful, there are limitations in terms of its applicability to the real world. Most obviously, factors such as education level, personal wealth, and social background determine how susceptible people are to the ideas they encounter. In contrast, exposure to a biological virus almost always leads to an infection unless a person has acquired immunity through vaccination or previous contact with the same pathogen.

20번 지문(문항 번호 40번)

In philosophy, two broad classifications of knowledge are recognized: a posteriori (meaning “from the later”) and a priori (meaning “from the earlier”). A posteriori knowledge is gained through experience—we gather data with our senses and use this information to make determinations about the world around us. A priori knowledge, on the other hand, is not dependent on experience and is closely related to deductive reasoning, or the process of drawing valid inferences from premises assumed to be true. The distinction between these can be easily made by considering the following statements: “Sarah is a mother” and “all mothers have children.” The former is an a posteriori claim because if you cannot confirm Sarah's family status, you have no way of knowing whether it is true. The latter statement, however, has no such requirement. Based solely on the meaning of the word mother, you can determine the truth of the statement because if a woman does not have children, she would, by definition, not be a mother.

21번 지문(문항 번호 41-42번)

Banning any experiment involving animal testing is perhaps the best way to avoid causing unnecessary harm to other life forms. The problem is that this approach is a significant obstacle to progress for researchers in certain fields of science. Developing medications that are intended for use on humans would become much more difficult, and there is evidence to suggest that the number of healthcare innovations would greatly decline. In fact, almost every medical breakthrough over the past century—from the development of the polio vaccine to recent advances in breast cancer treatment—has resulted directly from tests on animals. There are also valid safety concerns related to the abandonment of animal testing as these types of trials allow researchers to identify any negative effects of drugs before they are tried on humans. Nevertheless, many scientists have begun to question the use of animals for research purposes, pointing to increasing alternatives to this practice. Human cells can be grown in laboratories to create sample tissue for research purposes, and advances in artificial intelligence may lead to virtual simulations of the human body for experimentation. Moreover, it is argued that these new methods have the potential to be more accurate than animal testing—all species have different physiologies, so how an animal reacts to a drug or treatment will never perfectly predict how a human will.

22번 지문(문항 번호 43-45번)

“Your 16th birthday is coming up,” Melanie said to her daughter Lisa as they finished breakfast. “Have you decided who you’re inviting to your party?” “A few girls from my class, I guess,” Lisa said with a shrug. Melanie had noticed that her daughter hadn’t been talking about her friends from middle school recently. She asked, “What about Stacy?” “I don’t know. We haven’t really talked to one another since high school started,” she replied. “Anyway, speaking of school, I’ve got to go.” Lisa arrived at school a little early and had about half an hour before her first class started. She wandered around and decided to go to the music room, expecting to meet some of her friends from the music club. Inside the music room, however, there was only one girl. It was Stacy, her best friend from middle school. As Lisa approached her, their eyes met. For a moment, Stacy looked like she wanted to say something. But she quickly walked away, leaving Lisa feeling hurt and confused. When Lisa got home from school, she still felt sad and uncomfortable, and this was evident on her face. “What’s wrong?” Melanie asked softly. “I met Stacy this morning, and I think she is avoiding me,” Lisa replied. Melanie thought for a moment and said, “You’ve been busy making new friends lately. Perhaps Stacy thinks you’re avoiding her.” She placed a comforting hand on Lisa’s shoulder. “Sometimes, you need to be brave and take the first step. Why don’t you talk to her?” Lisa hesitated and answered, “Maybe.” The next day, Lisa took her mother’s advice. During lunch, she found Stacy alone in the library. “Hey, Stacy,” she began. Stacy looked up from her book, surprised. Lisa continued, “I just wanted to say I’m sorry. We used to hang out all the time in middle school, but I haven’t even tried to talk to you since we came to high school. I don’t think I’m a good friend.” Stacy stared at her for a moment and said, “Neither am I. I’m sorry, too.” Feeling relieved, Lisa asked, “Do you want to come to my birthday party this weekend?” Stacy nodded with a smile, and Lisa felt a sense of renewed connection.

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

Self-sufficiency is obviously linked to living cheaply, since when you do something for yourself, you don't pay someone else to do it. Consequently, frugality self-help books have always been full of advice on how to brew your own tea, mend your own clothes, and so on. Yes, we might cultivate a vegetable garden, learn how to bake bread, and build a bookcase or two. Such activities are not to be despised; apart from saving money they can be intrinsically rewarding. But the obvious truth is that most of us living in modernized societies are a million miles from self-sufficiency. Most of us depend on others to build and equip our houses, grow and distribute our food, make our clothes, and provide our entertainment. We rely on a complex infrastructure for energy, transport, communication, and education. And we are hopelessly lost without our cars, phones, computers, stoves, and refrigerators. A new generation is now literally lost without a GPS navigation device.

① Doing tasks yourself saves money because you avoid paying others to do them.

② Frugality guides have long recommended activities such as brewing tea and mending clothes.

③ The passage gives cultivating a vegetable garden and baking bread as examples of such activities.

④ The passage suggests that such do-it-yourself activities deserve to be looked down upon.

⑤ A new generation is described as helpless without a GPS navigation device.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문은 자급자족 활동의 가치를 인정하면서도 현대 사회에서의 자급자족의 한계를 논한다. 특히 DIY 활동에 대한 저자의 가치 평가를 정확히 파악하는 것이 핵심이다.

지문은 ”Such activities are not to be despised; apart from saving money they can be intrinsically rewarding”이라고 명시한다. 즉, 이러한 활동들은 "경멸받을 것이 아니며(not to be despised)" 돈을 절약하는 것 외에도 본질적으로 보람 있다는 것이다.

따라서 이러한 DIY 활동들이 ”깔보아 마땅하다(deserve to be looked down upon)”고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 DIY 활동들이 "경멸받을 것이 아니며(not to be despised)" 본질적으로 ”보람 있다(intrinsically rewarding)”고 서술하는 반면, ④번은 이러한 활동들이 ”깔보아 마땅하다(deserve to be looked down upon)”고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 40 변형문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 40(55문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

Self-sufficiency is obviously linked to living cheaply, since when you do something for yourself, you don't pay someone else to do it. Consequently, frugality self-help books have always been full of advice on how to brew your own tea, mend your own clothes, and so on. Yes, we might cultivate a vegetable garden, learn how to bake bread, and build a bookcase or two. Such activities are not to be despised; apart from saving money they can be intrinsically rewarding. But the obvious truth is that most of us living in modernized societies are a million miles from self-sufficiency. Most of us depend on others to build and equip our houses, grow and distribute our food, make our clothes, and provide our entertainment. We rely on a complex infrastructure for energy, transport, communication, and education. And we are hopelessly lost without our cars, phones, computers, stoves, and refrigerators. A new generation is now literally lost without a GPS navigation device.

2번 지문

The origins of contemporary Western thought can be traced back to the golden age of ancient Greece in the sixth and fifth centuries BCE, when Greek thinkers formulated the basis for modern Western politics, philosophy, science, and law. Their novel approach was to pursue rational inquiry through adversarial discussion: The best way to evaluate one set of ideas, they believed, was by testing it against another set of ideas. In the political sphere, the result was democracy, in which supporters of rival policies vied for rhetorical supremacy; in philosophy, it led to reasoned arguments and dialogues about the nature of the world; in science, it prompted the development of competing theories to try to explain natural phenomena; in the field of law, the result was prosecutors and defense attorneys. This approach forms the foundation of the modern Western way of life, in which politics, commerce, science, and law are all rooted in orderly competition.

3번 지문

An experience can be a particularly useful tool, but overexposure to something can develop an individual's mental baggage. When mental baggage is prevalent it can be difficult to consider any creative direction other than that of the overfamiliar, and it can be arduous to persuade others to explore an alternative path when they also have a preconceived notion of what the product is. It is only when things can be thought of differently, without accustomed barriers, that it is plausible to innovate markets. If the problem is not confronted with a 'why attitude', similar to a small child constantly asking questions about something, it is almost impossible to understand and solve. In the event that mental baggage can be broken down through repeated enquiry and probing, it is likely that a delightful and practical proposal can emerge and be accepted broadly.

4번 지문

An experience can be a particularly useful tool, but overexposure to something can develop an individual's mental baggage. When mental baggage is prevalent it can be difficult to consider any creative direction other than that of the overfamiliar, and it can be arduous to persuade others to explore an alternative path when they also have a preconceived notion of what the product is. It is only when things can be thought of differently, without accustomed barriers, that it is plausible to innovate markets. If the problem is not confronted with a 'why attitude', similar to a small child constantly asking questions about something, it is almost impossible to understand and solve. In the event that mental baggage can be broken down through repeated enquiry and probing, it is likely that a delightful and practical proposal can emerge and be accepted broadly.

5번 지문

US dentist and medical student William Morton was determined to find an effective and reliable method of pain relief for use during surgery. He tried everything from brandy to opium in a series of experiments carried out on himself and his dental patients. After a long process of trial and error, he hit upon the idea of inhaling diethyl ether as a means of administering an anaesthetic. Morton first tested his theory during a tooth extraction on 30 September 1846. When news of this reached the staff at Massachusetts General Hospital, noted surgeon Henry Bigelow arranged the first public demonstration of the method on 16 October 1846, during which Morton administered the compound before surgeon John Collins Warren operated on a tumor on the patient's neck. Although this demonstration did not quite go to plan ─ the patient complained of considerable pain 'as though the skin on his body had been scratched with a hoe' ─ Morton tried again the next day with greater success. This time, the patient reported feeling no pain whatsoever; she did not even recall the operation itself.

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

A curious fact about names based on places is that they are so often obscure ─ usually from places that few people have heard of. Why should there be so many more Middletons than Londons, so many more Worthingtons than Bristols? The main cities of medieval Britain ─ London, York, Norwich, Glasgow ─ are relatively uncommon as surnames even though many thousands of people called those places home. To understand this apparent paradox, you must keep in mind that the function of surnames is to distinguish one person or family from all the others. If a person called himself Peter of London, he would be just one of hundreds of such Peters and anyone searching for him would be at a loss. So as a rule a person would earn the name Peter of London only if he moved to a rural location, where London would be a clear identifying feature.

① Place-based surnames tend to come from little-known locations rather than famous ones.

② More people carry names like Middleton and Worthington than London or Bristol.

③ Thousands of residents once regarded major medieval cities as their home.

④ A name such as Peter of London made it easy to identify a specific man in the city.

⑤ A place name served as a useful label only where that origin was unusual.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문의 핵심 논지는 ”장소 기반 성은 그 장소가 구별 기능을 할 수 있을 때만 의미가 있다"는 것이다. 특히 "런던의 Peter"라는 이름이 도시 안에서 어떤 기능을 했는지를 정확히 파악하는 것이 핵심이다.

지문은 ”If a person called himself Peter of London, he would be just one of hundreds of such Peters and anyone searching for him would be at a loss”라고 명시한다. 즉, 런던 안에서 "런던의 Peter"라는 이름은 같은 이름을 가진 수백 명 중 하나에 불과하여 특정인을 식별하기 어렵게 만든다.

따라서 "런던의 Peter"라는 이름이 도시 안에서 특정인을 ”쉽게 식별하게 해주었다(made it easy to identify)”고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 "런던의 Peter"라는 이름이 도시 안에서는 같은 이름의 ”수백 명 중 한 명(one of hundreds)”에 불과하여 찾는 사람이 "난감해질(at a loss)" 것이라고 서술하는 반면, ④번은 이 이름이 도시 안에서 특정인을 ”쉽게 식별하게 해주었다(made it easy to identify)”고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 39 변형문제는 총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 39(44문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

A curious fact about names based on places is that they are so often obscure ─ usually from places that few people have heard of. Why should there be so many more Middletons than Londons, so many more Worthingtons than Bristols? The main cities of medieval Britain ─ London, York, Norwich, Glasgow ─ are relatively uncommon as surnames even though many thousands of people called those places home. To understand this apparent paradox, you must keep in mind that the function of surnames is to distinguish one person or family from all the others. If a person called himself Peter of London, he would be just one of hundreds of such Peters and anyone searching for him would be at a loss. So as a rule a person would earn the name Peter of London only if he moved to a rural location, where London would be a clear identifying feature.

2번 지문

An interesting question related to processing fluency in organizations concerns how organizations gauge their employees' and customers' opinions. Consider the following example. A manager consistently gets requests from one employee that a company policy be changed. From those requests, the manager must decide how the other people in the organization feel about the issue in question. Will the vocal employee's frequent requests bias the manager's sense of how the rest of the people in the organization feel about the policy? Research by Weaver, Garcia, Schwartz, and Miller suggests the answer is yes. In a series of six experiments, they demonstrated that people have a tendency to infer that a familiar opinion is a prevalent one, even if the perceived familiarity is the result of one particularly vocal group member.

3번 지문

The opposite to pulling up the corners of the mouth to show happiness is pulling both corners downward to show the Down-Mouth expression. This is done by the person who feels unhappy, hopeless, depressed, angry, or tense. Unfortunately, if a person holds these negative emotions throughout their lifetime, the corners of the mouth will set into a permanent down position. In later life, this can give them an appearance similar to a bulldog ─ not a desirable image! Studies show that we stand further away from people who have this expression, give them less eye contact, and avoid them when they are walking towards us. If you discover that the Down-Mouth has crept into your repertoire, practice smiling regularly, which will not only help you avoid looking like an obstinate person, but will make you feel more positive. It will also play a role in preventing you from frightening little children and being thought of as a grumpy dog.

4번 지문

Immigration is controversial because we tend to focus more on the downside than the upside. The psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman proposed that in many areas of life we make bad decisions because our thinking is clouded by the loss aversion bias. After conducting many experiments, they concluded that people have a tendency to favor avoiding losses rather than securing equivalent gains. To support their idea, Norwegian economist Thea Wiig conducted an experiment presenting people with statistics about the employment of immigrants (showing the potential gains from immigration) and about the impact of immigration on welfare programs (implying the potential losses). She found that losses appear to be more significant than gains in people's minds, which contributed to an adverse attitude toward immigration. Specifically, information about the employment rate of immigrants in Norway, which is almost 60 percent, causes individuals to rate their preferences for immigration policy more strictly. The implication of this research is that policies can be shaped and even manipulated in the direction of objecting to immigration once we note that people are more willing to go without the benefits of immigration than to bear the costs of it. As we approach 2030, it's important to recognize how adept ─ and influential ─ the adverse framing of immigration has been, and how effectively it has overpowered those who have promoted its benefits. Journalist James Surowiecki argues that the rhetoric of "we're losing our country" is so convincing because it appeals to our loss aversion bias, which has given an electoral edge to anti-immigration candidates.The opposite to pulling up the corners of the mouth to show happiness is pulling both corners downward to show the Down-Mouth expression. This is done by the person who feels unhappy, hopeless, depressed, angry, or tense. Unfortunately, if a person holds these negative emotions throughout their lifetime, the corners of the mouth will set into a permanent down position. In later life, this can give them an appearance similar to a bulldog ─ not a desirable image! Studies show that we stand further away from people who have this expression, give them less eye contact, and avoid them when they are walking towards us. If you discover that the Down-Mouth has crept into your repertoire, practice smiling regularly, which will not only help you avoid looking like an obstinate person, but will make you feel more positive. It will also play a role in preventing you from frightening little children and being thought of as a grumpy dog.

연수여자고등학교,

'멀고도 가까운' 땅 먼우금에 자리한 연수구의 여자고등학교

연수여자고등학교(연수여고)는 인천광역시 연수구 먼우금로141번길 9에 위치한 여자 일반고입니다. 학교 주소에 담긴 '먼우금(遠又近)'은 송도와 연수 일대를 가리키던 옛 지명으로, '멀고도 또 가깝다'는 뜻으로 전해집니다. 입시를 준비하는 학생에게 이보다 잘 맞는 말이 있을까 싶습니다. 목표로 삼은 대학은 늘 멀어 보이지만, 3년의 누적이 쌓이면 어느새 손에 닿는 거리가 되기 때문입니다.

연수구는 인천에서 교육열이 가장 높은 지역으로 꼽힙니다. 송도국제도시를 중심으로 학원 인프라가 촘촘하게 형성되어 있고, 연수동·청학동 일대까지 학원가가 이어집니다. 연수여고 학생들은 이런 학군 환경 안에서 3년을 보내게 됩니다.

연수여고 내신,

'현역 상위 20%' 학교의 진짜 승부처는 수능 최저입니다

연수여고의 진학 데이터에는 분명한 패턴이 있습니다. 졸업생의 현역 4년제 대학 진학률이 전국 326위, 상위 20%입니다. 재수로 승부를 미루지 않고 고등학교 3년 안에 결과를 만들어 대학에 진학하는 문화가 자리 잡은 학교라는 뜻입니다. 여자고등학교 특유의 꾸준하고 안정적인 학습 분위기가 이 숫자를 떠받치고 있습니다.

현역 중심 구조는 곧 수시 중심 구조입니다. 그중에서도 연수여고 학생에게 가장 현실적인 무기는 학생부교과전형입니다. 내신 등급이 거의 모든 것을 결정하는 전형이고, 연수여고는 분당권이나 송도 최상위권 학교들처럼 사교육으로 과열된 상위권이 등급을 독식하는 구조가 아니기에 꾸준히 준비한 학생이 그만큼의 등급을 가져갈 수 있는 환경이기 때문입니다. 그런데 여기서 많은 학생이 놓치는 함정이 있습니다. 교과 전형의 진짜 탈락 사유는 내신이 아니라 수능 최저학력기준 미충족인 경우가 매우 많다는 점입니다. 내신으로 지원 자격을 만들어놓고도 수능에서 최저를 맞추지 못해 불합격하는 사례가 해마다 반복됩니다. 3년을 들여 쌓은 내신이 수능 하루에 무위로 돌아가는 셈입니다.

그래서 연수여고 학생의 전략은 두 문장으로 정리됩니다. 내신은 첫 시험부터 끝까지 지켜낸다. 그리고 그 공부가 수능 최저를 뚫어낼 실력으로 이어지게 만든다. 내신 대비를 시험 범위 암기로 끝내면 고3에 수능 앞에서 다시 시작해야 하고, 내신 대비를 수능 수준으로 소화해두면 최저는 자연스럽게 따라옵니다. 같은 시간을 쓰고도 결과가 갈리는 지점이 바로 여기입니다.

국어 – 시크릿국어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/ku13028

시크릿국어학원은 연수·송도에서 고등 국어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 국어 전문 학원입니다. '시크릿(Secret)'이라는 이름에는 국어 1등급 학생들만 알고 있는 지문 접근법을 모든 학생에게 열어주겠다는 뜻이 담겨 있습니다. 감으로 읽는 학생과 근거로 읽는 학생의 차이, 그 비밀을 알려주는 수업을 지향합니다.

국어는 연수여고 학생에게 수능 최저 충족의 열쇠를 쥔 과목입니다. 내신에서는 서술형 한 문항의 감점이 누적 평균에 그대로 반영되고, 수능에서는 국어 한 등급이 최저 충족 여부를 가릅니다. 내신과 수능 사이의 거리가 가장 가까운 과목인 만큼, 처음부터 두 가지를 함께 겨냥한 학습이 가장 효율적입니다. 시크릿국어학원은 연수여고 출제 경향에 맞춰 문학·독서(비문학)·문법 전 영역을 체계적으로 지도하고, 서술형 답안 첨삭과 수능 국어 연계 커리큘럼을 함께 운영합니다.

영어 – 싸인영어학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/ssign_english

싸인영어학원은 연수·송도에서 고등 영어 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 영어 전문 학원입니다. '싸인(Sign)'은 신호와 서명을 동시에 뜻하는 말입니다. 학생이 보내는 작은 성장의 신호를 놓치지 않고 읽어내어, 끝내 합격이라는 이름을 적어 넣게 하겠다는 의미로 읽힙니다.

영어는 연수여고 학생에게 최저 충족에서 가장 확실하게 확보할 수 있는 과목입니다. 수능 영어가 절대평가이기 때문입니다. 상대평가처럼 남과 경쟁할 필요 없이, 내가 일정 수준에 도달하면 등급이 주어집니다. 그래서 내신 대비 과정에서 수능 1~2등급을 함께 확보해두면 최저의 한 축을 안정적으로 깔고 갈 수 있습니다. 다만 내신 자체는 교과서 본문과 부교재, 외부 지문까지 범위가 넓어 암기만으로는 1등급이 어렵고, 변형 문제 대응력과 서술형 영작 정확도에서 등급이 갈립니다. 싸인영어학원은 연수여고 기출 경향에 맞춰 어휘·구문·독해·본문 정밀 분석·서술형 영작을 단계별로 훈련하고, 내신 기간에는 학교별 집중 대비 수업을 별도 편성합니다.

수학 – 하이에듀

블로그: blog.naver.com/8127411

하이에듀는 연수·송도에서 고등 수학 내신과 수능을 전문으로 지도하는 학원입니다. '하이에듀(High Edu)'는 더 높은 수준의 교육을 뜻하는 이름으로, 지금 자리에서 한 단계 위로 끌어올리는 수업을 지향합니다.

수학은 연수여고에서 내신 등급 변별이 가장 크게 일어나는 동시에, 수능 최저에서 가장 흔한 걸림돌이 되는 과목입니다. 공통수학에서 대수·미적분Ⅰ·확률과 통계로 이어지는 흐름에서 한 번 구멍이 생기면 이후 단원 전체가 흔들리기 때문에, 무리한 선행보다 개념의 빈틈을 메우는 복습 설계가 우선입니다. 내신에서 등급을 지키는 공부와 수능에서 등급을 만드는 공부를 따로 하면 시간이 두 배로 들지만, 하나로 묶으면 같은 시간에 두 결과가 나옵니다. 하이에듀는 연수여고 기출 분석을 바탕으로 개념 정리, 유형별 반복 훈련, 서술형 채점 기준에 맞는 풀이 작성, 수능 수학 연계 커리큘럼을 체계적으로 제공합니다.

과학 – 스터디브릭스

블로그: blog.naver.com/studybricks_corp

스터디브릭스는 송도·연수에서 고등 과학 내신과 수능 과탐을 지도하는 학원입니다. '스터디브릭스(Study Bricks)'는 공부(Study)와 벽돌(Bricks)을 합친 이름으로, 벽돌을 한 장씩 쌓아 건물을 세우듯 개념을 차곡차곡 쌓아 실력을 세운다는 뜻을 담고 있습니다. 한 번에 무너지지 않는 구조를 만드는 공부를 지향합니다.

탐구 영역은 수능 최저 충족에서 가장 과소평가되는 승부처입니다. 많은 학생이 가장 늦게 손대지만, 실제로는 한 과목의 등급이 최저 충족 여부를 뒤집는 경우가 흔합니다. 연수여고 과학 내신은 개념 이해와 탐구 적용, 서술형 답안 작성 능력이 고르게 요구되고, 선택 과목에 따라 물리학·화학·생명과학·지구과학의 조합이 갈립니다. 내신 과학 과목과 수능 과탐 과목을 일치시켜 한 번의 공부로 두 가지를 가져가는 설계가 현역 승부에서 특히 효과적입니다. 스터디브릭스는 단원별 핵심 개념 정리부터 연수여고 기출 분석, 서술형·탐구 실험 대비, 수능 과탐 연계까지 내실 있는 커리큘럼으로 진행합니다.

종합/입시 – 세정학원

블로그: blog.naver.com/jungsedu

세정학원은 연수여고 학생들의 내신과 입시를 통합 관리하는 종합 입시 학원입니다. '세정'이라는 이름에는 세상(世)으로 나아가는 바른(正) 길을 함께 정한다는 뜻이 읽힙니다. 성적을 올리는 데서 끝나지 않고 학생이 갈 길을 함께 설계하는 학원을 지향합니다.

연수여고는 현역 진학률이 전국 상위 20%에 드는 수시 중심 학교입니다. 전략이 비교적 명확한 만큼 실행의 정밀함이 결과를 가릅니다. 특히 학생부교과전형을 주력으로 삼는다면 챙겨야 할 것이 분명합니다. 고1 첫 시험부터 누적되는 내신 평균, 대학별로 다른 반영 교과와 등급 환산식, 그리고 무엇보다 수능 최저 충족을 위한 과목별 전략입니다. 어느 과목으로 최저를 맞출지, 그 과목에 언제부터 자원을 집중할지를 고2에는 결정해두어야 합니다. 세정학원은 연수여고 학생들에게 내신 기간별 과목 집중 수업, 선택 과목 설계 상담, 수시 교과·학종 지원 전략, 수능 최저 대비 로드맵, 정시 지원 전략까지 통합 지원합니다.

연수여고 내신,

3년의 내신이 수능 하루에 무너지지 않으려면

연수여고는 현역 4년제 진학률이 전국 326위, 상위 20%에 드는 학교입니다. 재수에 기대지 않고 3년 안에 결과를 만들어내는 문화가 자리 잡았고, 내신 등급 확보의 여지도 상대적으로 열려 있습니다. 학생부교과전형이 가장 강력한 카드가 되는 환경이지만, 그 카드가 끝까지 유효하려면 수능 최저라는 마지막 관문을 넘어야 합니다. 내신을 지켜내는 관리와, 그 공부가 수능 실력으로 이어지는 설계 — 연수여고 출제 경향을 정확히 아는 과목별 전문 학원을 만나는 것이 그 출발점입니다.

더메이킹스에서 연수여고 맞춤 학원 목록을 확인해 보세요.

👉 학교별 맞춤 학원 찾기 – 더메이킹스

https://themakings.co.kr/398

다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

One way you can show children a little special attention is by putting them into your stories. I have done this with a Bob Hartman story called "The Big Soft Fluffy Bed." I tell the children I'd like to 'borrow' a name for the story and ask for a volunteer. Then I tell the story inserting the child's name at the appropriate points. When I asked a group of children I had worked with periodically over a year what they had enjoyed most about the story work we had done, many of them chose the time I had used Ethan's name to tell a story. Not only Ethan, but many of the other children, too, found that occasion meaningful and exciting. You might pick a child who you feel could do with feeling special that day and use their name. Alternatively, if you are struggling to build a positive relationship with a particular child, choose them. It will help to assure the child that you notice and think about them.

① The writer borrows a child's name after asking for a volunteer.

② Children who took part remembered the name activity as enjoyable.

③ The name technique can be used to reach a child one struggles with.

④ The writer invented the story instead of using an existing one.

⑤ Using a child's name shows the child that the teacher notices them.

지문 해석

풀이 흐름

이 지문은 아이들의 이름을 이야기에 삽입하는 기법을 소개하면서, 이 활동에 사용된 이야기의 출처를 명확히 밝힌다.

지문은 ”I have done this with a Bob Hartman story called ‘The Big Soft Fluffy Bed’”라고 명시한다. 즉, 저자는 Bob Hartman이라는 작가의 기존 이야기를 사용한 것이다. 이야기를 직접 만든 것이 아니라 다른 작가의 작품을 활용했다.

따라서 저자가 기존 이야기를 사용하는 대신 ”이야기를 직접 만들었다(invented the story instead of using an existing one)”고 서술하는 선지가 있다면, 이는 지문과 정면으로 모순된다.

전체 선지 분석

핵심 문장 정리

이 문장이 ④번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 저자가 ”Bob Hartman의 이야기(a Bob Hartman story)”를 사용했다고 서술하여 기존 작가의 작품을 활용했음을 밝히는 반면, ④번은 저자가 기존 이야기를 사용하는 대신 ”이야기를 직접 만들었다(invented the story)”고 정반대로 서술했다.

한 줄 정리

The Makings의 DAY 37 변형문제는 총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한 수능실감 영어 독해 5문항 모의고사 300제

DAY 37(55문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

1번 지문

One way you can show children a little special attention is by putting them into your stories. I have done this with a Bob Hartman story called "The Big Soft Fluffy Bed." I tell the children I'd like to 'borrow' a name for the story and ask for a volunteer. Then I tell the story inserting the child's name at the appropriate points. When I asked a group of children I had worked with periodically over a year what they had enjoyed most about the story work we had done, many of them chose the time I had used Ethan's name to tell a story. Not only Ethan, but many of the other children, too, found that occasion meaningful and exciting. You might pick a child who you feel could do with feeling special that day and use their name. Alternatively, if you are struggling to build a positive relationship with a particular child, choose them. It will help to assure the child that you notice and think about them.

2번 지문

My father was a basketball coach, so as a kid I accompanied him to practice every day. As I grew older, I was at the gym or on the sports field from dawn to dusk. This investment of time and energy eventually led to a basketball scholarship at a university in southern Ohio. As a basketball player, I learned very early about the paradox of team sports ─ the tension between individual and collective competition. During practice, athletes competed with fellow teammates for playing time, just as chimps fight fiercely to have a bigger share of food. When game day rolled around, however, teammates were required to put all of their individual rivalries aside and became like bees working for the sake of the hive. We came together as a cohesive unit for the higher purpose of defeating the opposing foe. While this is difficult to accomplish, humans possess the equipment to pull this off under the right conditions. We can do this because we are by nature 'homo duplex.' As Jonathan Haidt puts it, we are 90 percent chimp and 10 percent bee.

3번 지문

Creativity is about "connecting the dots" ─ making connections between things that have never before been linked. It is the ability to recognize the possibilities that exist within any scenario and the opportunities in every situation. Changing the game starts with seeing the unseen within even the ordinary. Out of a plain slab of marble, Michelangelo carved his best work. German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer once said, "Talent hits a target no one else can hit. Genius hits a target no one else can see." Creative solutions and breakthroughs come from viewing something differently and discovering what others have missed. Patents for novel ideas, processes, and methodologies are simply the tangible results of someone seeing something differently than the world had ever seen it before. Paradigms shift when people come along who see how to connect the dots, apply multiple perspectives, and build a bridge between unrelated ideas.

4번 지문

In 1890, Kodak introduced a cheap consumer camera that everyone could afford. This put the portrait studios out of business; the newly unemployed photographers needed a way to distinguish between what they did and this new popular photography. The movement of pictorialism was the response, with photographers attempting to imitate the artistic processes of painting; they worked directly on the negatives and other materials of the process. They presented their works in art galleries, next to paintings. The elements of an art world began to form: collegial groups called "photo clubs," a journal called Camera Work, and shows and openings. However, art photography remained marginalized; there were no markets, buyers, or collectors, and museums were not interested in adding photos to their collections. Pictorialism eventually died out with the outbreak of World War I.

5번 지문

Say you're driving down the interstate at sixty-five miles an hour with three friends from out of town, and you suddenly say to them, "Hey, there's that amazing Pink House!" What happens? Probably there's a lot of sudden head turning, and someone's elbow ends up in someone else's ribs, and maybe one of your friends gets a glimpse, but probably nobody really gets a chance to see it (and somebody might not believe you if she didn't see it for herself!). What if you had said instead, "Hey, coming up on the right here in about two miles, there's an amazing huge neon Pink House: watch for it?" They'd be ready, they'd know where to look and what to look for, and they'd see what you wanted them to see. Writers need to advise their readers in a similar way. That advice doesn't always need to be in a thesis statement or a topic sentence, but it does need to happen regularly so that readers don't miss something crucial.