N기출 영어 영역 고난도 독해 Level 2 Part 2.- 1 심리 철학 변형 문제

 

N기출 영어 영역 고난도 독해 Level 2

Part 2.- 1 심리 철학 변형 문제

N기출 영어 영역 고난도 독해 Level 2 변형 문제

 

N기출 영어 영역 고난도 독해 Level 2 변형 문제

 

 

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https://themakings.co.kr/408/?idx=1504

최상위 수능 기출문제집 N기출 영어영역 고난도 독해 Level 2 Part 2 - 1. 심리 & 철학(PDF)

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다음 지문을 읽고 글의 내용과 다른 문장을 고르세요.

 

While working as a research fellow at Harvard, B. F. Skinner carried out a series of experiments on rats, using an invention that later became known as a "Skinner box." A rat was placed in one of these boxes, which had a special bar fitted on the inside. Every time the rat pressed this bar, it was presented with food. The rate of bar‑pressing was automatically recorded. Initially, the rat might press the bar accidentally, or simply out of curiosity, and as a consequence receive some food. Over time, the rat learned that food appeared whenever the bar was pressed, and began to press it purposefully in order to be fed. Comparing results from rats given the "positive reinforcement" of food for their bar‑pressing behavior with those that were not, or were presented with food at different rates, it became clear that when food appeared as a consequence of the rat's actions, this influenced its future behavior.

 

① The invention Skinner used for his experiment was later named after him.

② No human researcher was needed to stand by to record the number of times a rat pressed the bar.

③ The rat began pressing the bar because it wanted food to be dispensed to it.

④ The outcome seen in the behavior of rats who did not receive food rewards was different from those who did.

⑤ Skinner’s experiment showed that rewards could affect the prevalence of the action that brought about the reward.

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지문 해석

하버드에서 연구원으로 근무하는 동안, B. F. Skinner는 나중에 "스키너 상자(Skinner box)"로 알려지게 된 발명품을 사용하여 쥐에 대한 일련의 실험을 수행했다. 쥐 한 마리가 이 상자 안에 넣어졌는데, 상자 안쪽에 특수한 막대가 장착되어 있었다. 쥐가 이 막대를 누를 때마다 먹이가 제공되었다. 막대를 누르는 비율은 자동으로 기록되었다. 처음에 쥐는 우연히, 또는 단순한 호기심으로 막대를 누를 수 있었고, 그 결과 먹이를 받았다. 시간이 지나면서 쥐는 막대를 누를 때마다 먹이가 나타난다는 것을 학습했고, 먹이를 받기 위해 의도적으로 막대를 누르기 시작했다. 막대 누르기 행동에 대해 먹이라는 "긍정적 강화"를 받은 쥐들과 그렇지 않은 쥐들, 또는 다른 비율로 먹이를 받은 쥐들의 결과를 비교하면, 먹이가 쥐의 행동의 결과로 나타났을 때 이것이 미래의 행동에 영향을 미쳤음이 분명해졌다.

 

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풀이 흐름

이 지문에서 가장 주의 깊게 읽어야 할 부분은 쥐가 막대를 처음 누르기 시작한 이유와 나중에 의도적으로 누르게 된 이유를 구분하는 것이다. 지문은 시간 순서에 따라 두 단계를 명확히 구분한다.

첫째, "Initially, the rat might press the bar accidentally, or simply out of curiosity" — 처음에는 우연히 또는 호기심으로 눌렀다.

둘째, "Over time, the rat learned... and began to press it purposefully in order to be fed" — 시간이 지나서야 먹이를 위해 의도적으로 누르기 시작했다.

③번 선지는 쥐가 막대를 누르기 "시작한(began)" 이유를 먹이를 원했기 때문이라고 서술한다. 그러나 지문에 따르면 처음 누르기 시작한 것은 우연이나 호기심 때문이지, 먹이를 원했기 때문이 아니다.

 

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전체 선지 분석

 

선지	판정	근거
① The invention Skinner used for his experiment was later named after him.	✅ 일치	지문의 "using an invention that later became known as a 'Skinner box'"와 직접 대응. named after him = became known as a "Skinner box".
② No human researcher was needed to stand by to record the number of times a rat pressed the bar.	✅ 일치	지문의 "The rate of bar-pressing was automatically recorded"와 일치. automatically = no human needed.
③ The rat began pressing the bar because it wanted food to be dispensed to it.	❌ 불일치	지문은 "Initially, the rat might press the bar accidentally, or simply out of curiosity"라고 명시. 처음 막대를 누르기 시작한(began) 이유는 우연이나 호기심이었지, 먹이를 원했기 때문이 아니다. because it wanted food ↔ accidentally, or simply out of curiosity로 초기 동기가 정반대.
④ The outcome seen in the behavior of rats who did not receive food rewards was different from those who did.	✅ 일치	지문의 "Comparing results from rats given the 'positive reinforcement' of food... with those that were not... it became clear that... this influenced its future behavior"에서 결과 차이가 존재했음을 암시.
⑤ Skinner's experiment showed that rewards could affect the prevalence of the action that brought about the reward.	✅ 일치	지문의 "when food appeared as a consequence of the rat's actions, this influenced its future behavior"와 직접 대응. rewards = food, affect the prevalence = influenced future behavior.

 

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핵심 문장 정리

"Initially, the rat might press the bar accidentally, or simply out of curiosity, and as a consequence receive some food."

"Over time, the rat learned that food appeared whenever the bar was pressed, and began to press it purposefully in order to be fed."

 

이 두 문장이 ③번 선지의 오류를 판별하는 결정적 근거다. 지문은 쥐가 처음 막대를 누르기 시작한 것이 "우연히 또는 호기심으로(accidentally, out of curiosity)"였다고 서술하며, 먹이를 위해 "의도적으로(purposefully)" 누르기 시작한 것은 "시간이 지난 후(over time)"의 학습 결과라고 시간적 순서를 구분한다. ③번은 이 두 단계를 혼동하여, 처음 누르기 시작한 이유를 먹이 욕구로 서술했다.

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한 줄 정리

쥐가 막대를 누르기 "시작한" 이유는 "먹이를 원했기 때문"이 아니라 "우연히 또는 단순한 호기심" 때문이며, 먹이를 위한 의도적 행동은 학습 이후에 나타났다.

 

 

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The Makings의 Part 2 - 1. 심리 & 철학 변형문제는

총 11개의 유형으로 구성되어 있습니다.

 

1. 빈칸 채우기(객관식)

2. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/한글 선택지)

3. 글의 내용 일치/불일치(객관식/영어 선택지)

4. 글 끼어 넣기(객관식)

5. 어법(서술형)

6. 어휘(서술형)

7. 주제문(객관식/영어 선택지)

8. 어휘 빈칸 채우기(서술형)

9. 영작(서술형)

10. 요약문 완성하기(서술형)

11. 문단 재배열 하기(객관식)

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더메이킹스(The Makings)가 제작한

최상위 수능 기출문제집 N기출 영어영역 고난도 독해 Level 2

Part 2 - 1. 심리 & 철학(44문항) 변형문제의 지문입니다.

 

1번 지문

While working as a research fellow at Harvard, B. F. Skinner carried out a series of experiments on rats, using an invention that later became known as a "Skinner box." A rat was placed in one of these boxes, which had a special bar fitted on the inside. Every time the rat pressed this bar, it was presented with food. The rate of bar‑pressing was automatically recorded. Initially, the rat might press the bar accidentally, or simply out of curiosity, and as a consequence receive some food. Over time, the rat learned that food appeared whenever the bar was pressed, and began to press it purposefully in order to be fed. Comparing results from rats given the "positive reinforcement" of food for their bar‑pressing behavior with those that were not, or were presented with food at different rates, it became clear that when food appeared as a consequence of the rat's actions, this influenced its future behavior.

 

2번 지문

Theseus was a great hero to the people of Athens. When he returned home after a war, the ship that had carried him and his men was so treasured that the townspeople preserved it for years and years, replacing its old, rotten planks with new pieces of wood. The question Plutarch asks philosophers is this: is the repaired ship still the same ship that Theseus had sailed? Removing one plank and replacing it might not make a difference, but can that still be true once all the planks have been replaced? Some philosophers argue that the ship must be the sum of all its parts. But if this is true, then as the ship got pushed around during its journey and lost small pieces, it would already have stopped being the ship of Theseus.

 

3번 지문

Many people look for safety and security in popular thinking. They figure that if a lot of people are doing something, then it must be right. It must be a good idea. If most people accept it, then it probably represents fairness, equality, compassion, and sensitivity, right? Not necessarily. Popular thinking said the earth was the center of the universe, yet Copernicus studied the stars and planets and proved mathematically that the earth and the other planets in our solar system revolved around the sun. Popular thinking said surgery didn't require clean instruments, yet Joseph Lister studied the high death rates in hospitals and introduced antiseptic practices that immediately saved lives. Popular thinking said that women shouldn't have the right to vote, yet people like Emmeline Pankhurst and Susan B. Anthony fought for and won that right. We must always remember there is a huge difference between acceptance and intelligence. People may say that there's safety in numbers, but that's not always true.

 

4번 지문

Good reductionism consists not of replacing one field of knowledge with another but of connecting or unifying them. The building blocks used by one field are put under a microscope by another. A geographer might explain why the coastline of Africa fits into the coastline of the Americas by saying that the landmasses were once adjacent but sat on different plates, which drifted apart. The question of why the plates move gets passed on to the geologists, who appeal to an upwelling of magma that pushes them apart. As for how the magma got so hot, they call in the physicists to explain the reactions in the Earth’s core and mantle. None of the scientists is dispensable.